Unit 0 AP Psychology

Humanist Perspective

individual choice and free will. most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs

Important people in Humanistic Perspective

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

Psychodynamic Perspective

unconscious mind, impulses or memories pushed into unconscious mind through repression.

Dream Analysis

Psychodynamic Perspective-the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams- created by Freud

Word Association

Psychodynamic Perspective- asking participant a word or thought and analyzing the word or thought that the participant said back

Biopsychology Perspective (neuroscience)

human thought and behavior strictly relating to biological processes. genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

Evolutionary Perspective (Darwinian)

examines human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection. some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival, and these traits would be passed to offspring.

Important people in evolutionary perspective

Charles Darwin

Behavioral Perspective

explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning. Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning

Important people in behavioral perspective

Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, John Watson, Edward Thorndike

Cognitive Perspective

examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events.

Important people in cognitive perspective

Jean Piaget- cognitive developmental theory

Social-Cultural Perspective(Sociocultural)

how our thoughts and behaviors vary among cultures

Biopsychosocial Perspective

human thinking and behavior results from combinations of biological("bio"), psychological("psycho"), and social("social") factors. combinations of multiple factors

Hindsight Bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. can lead to risky actions and irrational decisions

Quantitative Research

number data

Qualitative Data

quality data. not number related. ex:red, big, or hot

Hypothesis

relationship between 2 variables

Dependent Variable

Result of the independent variable

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Falsifiable

hypothesis must be one that can be proven wrong by gathering data that contradicts it

Operational Definition

explain how you will measure the variable

Research is reliable when it can be __________

Replicated

Sample

group of participants selected from a population

Population

group of people that live in the same area

Representative Sample

sample that accurately represents the population

Random Sampling

randomly selecting the sample from a population

Generalize the Findings

the findings are applicable to whole population

Convenience Sampling

collecting data from a group of people that are easily accessible

Stratified Sampling

Process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria

Confounding variables

factors that the researchers could not prevent and may influence the findings of the research

Random Assignment

each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group

Experimenter Bias

tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control group differently to increase the chance of confirming the researchers hypothesis

Single-blind Study

participants do not know if they are in control or experimental group

Double-bind study

both the researchers and participants do not know if the participants are in the control or experimental group

Social Desirability Bias

tendency to give answers that reflect well upon oneself

Placebo Method

participants are given a substance that does not provide any benefit or harm. this is done to look at the psychological effects and the physical effects

Positive correlation

both variables increase or decrease together

Negative Correlation

one variable increases while the other decreases

Likert Scale

a numerical scale used to assess attitudes ex: on a scale of 1-10 how do you feel

Directionality Problem

inability to tell which of the variables came first

Third Variable

another variable responsible for the results

Naturalistic Observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Structured Interview

fixed number of questions in a set order

Case Study

full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants

Central Tendency

mark the center of a distribution. the 3 common measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode

Positively Skewed

when there is a positive outlier, the mean trails to the right

Negatively Skewed

when there is a negative outlier, the mean trails to the left

Standard Deviation

how far a score is from the mean

Correlation Coefficient

tests the strength of correlation. the range may vary from -1(negative correlation) to +1(positive correlation)

Statistically Significant

A mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance.

Meta-analysis

studying a lot of other studies instead of actually performing your own experiements

Effect size

the magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables

Replication

repeating the study, but with other participants

Peer review

a review by people with similar professional qualification

IRB

Institutional Review Board, review research in advance to ensure ethical considerations are met

Human Research guidlines

voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, no risk or harm, and debriefing