Categorical Induction

When we generalize a property from one category (or member of a category) to another category ( or its members) Ex: Grizzly bears love onions. Therefore, all bears love onions

Categorical Induction - Argument

A conclusion about a property of a category is drawn from information about another category

Grizzly bears love onions. Therefore, all bears love onions

Categorical Induction - Premise

The category you start with

Ex: Grizzly bears love onions

Categorical Induction - Predicate

The property being projected

Ex: Love Onions

Categorical Induction - Conclusion

The category you're projecting onto

Ex: Therefore, all bears like onions

Categorical Induction - Blank Predicate

The property

Ex: Onions

Premise-Conclusion Similarity

The principle that the more similar the premise and conclusion categories of a logical statement, the stronger the inductive argument will be

Ex: Bears -> Foxes VS Bears -> Mice

The Inclusion Fallacy

Claiming a general conclusion is more probable than a specific conclusion that is included in the general conclusion

Ex: Grizzly bears love onions. Therefore, all bears love onions. VS Grizzly bears love onions. Therefore, all Polar Bears love onions

Category Coherence

Related to how well the entities in the category seem to go together

Police Officer: less variability
Restaurant Waiter: greater variability

Representativeness Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Ex: someone carrying a briefcase and wearing a suit must be a lawyer

Conjunction Fallacy

When we assume multiple things are more likely to co-occur than a single thing on its own

Ex: It is more probable that "Mr. F. has had one or more heart attacks" than that "Mr. F. has had one or more heart attacks and he is over 55 years old".

Deductive Reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case

Ex: The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.

Valid Argument

There is only one possible conclusion given the premise

Sound Argument

a valid argument with true premises

The Structure of a logical task

premise, premise, conclusion

Premise: Your friend is waiting at Starbucks or the library
Premise: Your friend is not at Starbucks
Conclusion: Therefore, your friend is at the library

Belief Bias

the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

Card Selection Tasks

These tasks assess people's ability to evaluate evidence and arrive at a deduction

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Deonic Selection Tasks

The statements deal with permission rather than abstract premises

Premise: If a person is drinking alcohol, they are over 21
How many cards do you have to flip over to prove this to be true
Cards: Beer, Soda, 25, 17

stages of the decision making process

Identification stage, Framing, Generation Stage, and Judgement Stage

Framing

Involves stating the decision in terms of known costs and benefits, or perceived gains and losses

Anchoring

the tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind

Regulatory Focus

The motivational system can focus either on potential gains or potential losses

Regulatory Fit

The way people attempt to reach a goal can either match or not match with their regulatory focus

Ex: An advertisement for a juice drink framed to "prevent disease" is a better fit for someone with a prevention focus, while one framed to "enhance energy" is a better fit for someone with a promotion focus.

Ego Depletion

The idea that self-regulation is a limited resource, and if your resources get tired, your performance suffers.

Ex: making poor food choices after a long day of dieting

Parts of a problem

initial state (givens), obstacles (means), Goal

Stages of problem-solving

Preparation, Production, Evaluation, Incubation
(Do not have to go through every step)

Stages of problem-solving - Preparation

Here, the problem solver first understands that the problem exists (evaluates, frames, identifies well-defined or ill-defined)

Stages of problem-solving - Production

The problem solver begins to generate, produce, and work on potential solutions

Stages of problem-solving - Evaluation

Tentative solutions are evaluated further (likelihood for success, similarity between current state and the goal state)

Stages of problem-solving - Incubation

The problem solver is no longer explicitly trying to solve the problem, but they will return to it later