Biology regents

kms

antibodies

produced by the bodies immune system to fight off foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. are not chemical messengers.

pathogens

microorganisms or infectious agents that cause disease in the host.

organic catalysts

organic molecules that accelerate the speed of chemical reactions

antigens

substances that trigger an immune response in your body, trigger production of antibodies.

hormones

includes specific sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, hormones carry signals between cells to regulate body functions.

pH

0-14, less than 7 is more acidic, 7 is neutral, above is basic

hemoglobin

protein found within red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen from the lung to the rest of the body and returning back to the lungs with CO2

receptor

molecule, typically a protein, that a cell uses to detect and respond to signals in it’s environment. Signals include hormones (like insulin) neurotransmitters, etc.

signal molecule

molecule that binds to a specific receptor, triggering a response in the cell

factors which influence enzymes:

pH, temperature, concentration of enzyme, etc

detritivores….

recycle nutrients and energy

internal respiration

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels

external respiration

breathing , inhale and exhale

digestive system

converts food into energy and nutrients to fuel the body

chemical digestion

The breaking down of food using chemical agents, such as enzymes and bile

mechanical digestion

The breaking down of food by physical means, such as chewing

Excretory system

The body system that removes metabolic wastes from the body

Pancreas

secretes pancreatic juices to help digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

endocrine system

network of glands that produce hormones

negative feedback loops

changes when there are shifts, used to maintain homeostasis. EX regulating body temperature in response to the environment

positive feedback loops

pushed to completion. ex childbirth