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what are the agencies of social control
Police
CPS
Judiciary
Prisons
National Probation Service
Charities and Pressure Groups
What were the 5 aspects of Sir Robert Peele’s philosphy of Policing?
basic mission of the police is to prevent crime
polices ability to perform is based on publics cooperation
use of physical force should be last resort
polices duty is to impartially serve the law
police are public and public are police
where are peel’s principles embedded in
Police Code of Ethics - stresses police are public servants
According to the Association of Chief Police Officers, what are the aims of the policing
keep the peace + maintain order
protect life + property
prevent, detect and investigate crime
bring offenders to justice
PACE 1984
give police the legal power to stop. question, search, arrest, detain, interview a mem
What are the Sources of the Police Funding
2/3 from central government
1/3 from local council tax
small ammount from charging for services - e.g. policing a football match
how much did the police’s funding fall by between 2010 and 2018?
19%
fall of 20,000 in police numbers
How many police forces are there in England + Wales?
39 regional police forces
How many police forces are there in Scotland + Northern Ireland?
One Police forces
what are the general duties of most police?
patrolling a particular area
working with the local community
responding to public call for assistance
securing crime scenes
5 examples of specialist police departments
unarmed policing
special constables
police community support officers
police and crime commissioners
why are most police unarmed
physical force should be last resort
what are special constables + what they do?
unpaid, part time volunteers who undergo the same training and have the same legal powers as paid police
what are police community support officers + what
have more limited powers
often deal with anti social behaviors on the street
can ask police officer to arrest a person
what are the police and crime commissioners and what do they do?
elected representatives of the people of the area covered by police force
give the locsl population a voice in policing by being directly accountable to electorate
aim is to cut crime + ensure efficient policing
set local force’s priorities + budget
what is the CPS?
CPS is the main public prosecutor in England + Wales
took over the prosecuting role from the police due to risks of bias allowing police to investigate + prosecute
CPS prosecutes all serious cases but police only minor offences
What is the Role of the CPS?
advises the police in their investigation about lines of inquiry + evidence needed
independently asses the evidence submitted by police
decides whether to procedure + its charges
prepares for prosecution case + presenting in court
assists, informs, supports victims
what are the values of the CPS
independency + fairness
honesty + openness
treating everyone with respect
behaving professionally + striving for excellence
equality + inclusion
where does the funding for the CPS come from?
CPS’s income comes from gov
CPS recovers some of its costs when court awards costs against defendant
recovers from confiscation of assets from criminals
in 2018, the budget was cut by ¼ and staff count dropped by 1/3
what types of criminality + offenders to the CPS deal with
takes responsibility for all serious cases except minor cases
whats the local + national reach of CPS
National body throughout England + Wales with 14 regional teams prosecuting local cases
CPS Direct is a virtual ‘15th’ area, providing decisions to police nationwide, 24/7, 365 days
what are the two test that the CPS must apply when deciding to prosecute a case?
evidential test
public interest test
whats the evidential test
prosecutors must first decide whether there is enough evidence for a realistic prospect on convicting the suspect
must decide whether evidence is admissible, reliable and credible
if the evidential test fails, prosecution wont go ahead
whats the public intrest test
prosecutors must then decide whether the prosecution is in the public’s intrest
must consider 7 question regarding the case:
how serious is offence
suspects’ level of blame
what harm has victim suffered
suspect’s age + maturity
impact of offence on community
is prosecution proportionate response
do information sources require protecting
whats the threshold test
if there not enough evidence for an immediate prosecution then may be still charged under certain circumstances
must be reasonable grounds to believe suspect is guilty + enough further evidence can be obtained later
offence is serious enough to justify immediate charging + too risky for bail
what is the judiciary
all the judges in the country’s courts
3,000 court judges
what are the principles which lay down the standard for judges’ ethical conduct?
judicial independence ( free from government interference in decisions)
impartiality
integrity
propriety ( uphold morals)
ensuring equal treatment
competence
what are the 2 oaths that judges swear by on appointment
the oath of allegiance (loyalty) to the queen, her heirs + successors
the judicial oath - to treat people equally with impartially and according to law
what are the aims + objectives of the judiciary
basic role is to interpret + apply the law to the cases that come to the courts
crown court - judge must manage trial ensuring fairness to all parties and explaining legal issues to jury, summing up evidence and finding the defendant guilty or not
appeal court- make ruling on appeals from lower courts. may involving a judicial precedent which abide in future decisions of lower courts
what is the working prctice of the Judiciary
Judges are protected in their role so they can do their job properly. for that reason:
they can’t be easily removed from their position except by a petition to the queen passed by HoC + HoL
Guaranteed salary means their pay can’t be reduced to pressure or punish them.
what types of criminality + offenders do Judiciary deal with
deal with all types if offence + offenders except for minor ones which are dealt in magistrates court or dealt with a fine
whats the national + local reach of judicary
the supreme court has nationwide judication + settles point of law at national importance
around 90 crowns courts around the country to handle local cases
whats prison’s philosphy
HM Prison + Probation Services is the government agency responsible for the UK’s prisons
it describes its purpose as preventing victims by changing lives of offender
what are the main aims of the prison services
to protect the public from harm
the help people who have been convicted of offences to rehab
hold prisoners securely + implement the sentences + orders of court
whats prison’s funding
paid for by the government out of general taxation
the budget in 2018 was 16% lower than what it was in 2010
resulted in cuts to staffing
15% fall in staff
in 2020, almost 1/3 of staff has less than 3 years experience
what is the working practice of prisons
in 2019, there was a total of 121 prisons, holding around 80,000 prisoners at once
106 were public sector prions and 15 were privately run
what types of criminality + offenders to prisons deal with
deals with higher risk offenders who are deemed unsuitable to serve sentence in community
range of seriousness from murder to theft
need to be takes out of circulation
whats the national and local reach of prisons
often nationally organized with prisons situated throughout UK
when sentenced to prison they are first placed in local prisons and given security classification based on risk assessments
what happens if attempted escaped are made in prisons
placed on an ‘escape list’
must be handcuffed and wear bright yellow clothing when being moved
must change cells frequently
clothes + some personal properties removed when locked up for night
what are incendivities + earned privilage’s
rewards that prisoners can earn to keep to rules
3 levels which are basic, standard and enhaced
everyone stars off on standard and move down for misbehavior to basic and move up for good behavior to enhanced
whats the National Probation service’s philosophy
describes it core values + ethical principles as:
belief that offenders can change for the better and become responsible members of society
belief in dignity + worth of individual
commitment to social injustice, social inclusion, equality and diversity
what are the aims and objectives of the national probation services?
priority is to protect the public by rehabilitating offender by tackling root cause
who are the two types of client that the porbation service supervise
offenders serving a sentence in the community due to a community order from court
offenders who have been released early on license from prison
who funds the national probation service
National probation service is part of HM prison + probation services which has a overal budget of £4.6 billion shared between prison + prbation
provided by the government from tax
Community rehabilitation contracts
private businesses that has a contract with the Ministry of Justice to provide probation services
they were paid for meeting rehabilitation target agreed in contracts
found that 19 of 21 CRCs missed target for reducing recidivisms and some were supervising remotely by telephone
in 2018 a report found that upto £343 million has been spent on CRCs without clear benefits and so gov decided to end it all
what time of criminals and offenders do the national prison service deal with
around 250,000 offenders are on probation at any one time
they are deemed safe enough to serve their sentence in community
whats the national + local reach of the national prbation service
is a national service working same standard throughout country but delivering service regionally + locally
whats the national probation service responsible for
preparing pre-sentence reports for the court to help them select appropriate sentence
assessing prisoners to prepare them for their release on license back into community
helping offenders serve sentence in community to meet requirements ordered by courts
whats a charity
organisation set up to provide help to those in need
whats a pressure group?
organisation that campaign to achieve change
how is NACRO a charity and pressure group?
Pressure group - change government policies which affect ex offenders
charities - provides help for ex offenders
what is NACRO
stands for National Association for the Care and Resentment of Offenders
founded in 1966
describes itself as a social injustice charity seeking to change lives, strengthen communities and prevent crimes
what services do NACRO offer
housing - houses over 3,000 tenants in its own properties and provide bail accommodation
education - in 2018, 4900 studies through NACRO’s educational program
resettlement advice - provides support on employment, education and housing
outreach projects to keep youth from offending
what does NACRO campaign for ?
campaigns to change the laws + polices affecting ex - offenders such as:
the campaign to reform the rehabilitation of offenders Act 1974 and criminal record checks
supporter of ban the box campaign
aims to enable people with convictions to compete for jobs by removing the tick box on criminal conviction on job forms
how is NACRO funded
has income of around £50m a year
funding comes from public donations, government grants and contracts for providing services for ex offenders
who are the types of criminality and offenders NACRO deals with
works with a range of ex offenders including those released from jail
also works with young people at risk offending
whats the national and local reach of NACRO
national organization with local activities and projects in around 50 different parts of England + Wales
has large full time staff and many unpaid volunteers