Tissues and Integument

What are four major tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

main characteristic of epithelial tissue

uninterrupted layer of cells covering inner and outer surfaces

How are epithelial cells arranged?

attached to one another by intercellular junctions with little intercellular space

What does it mean that epithelial cells are polarized?

distinct apical and basolateral surfaces.

What separates epithelium from underlying connective tissue?

The basement membrane

What is the basement membrane made of?

thin layer of collagen and glycoproteins.

How is epithelium classified?

number of layers and cell shape

What are the two classifications based on number of epithelial layers?

Simple and stratified

What are examples of epithelial cell shapes?

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

What does connective tissue consist of?

Cells and extracellular matrix

What are the two broad categories of connective tissue?

proper or specialized

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

loose (areolar) and dense

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

regular and irregular

What are examples of specialized connective tissue?

Adipose, cartilage, bone, blood, and reticular tissue

What are examples of connective tissue cells?

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells.

What are the two major components of extracellular matrix?

Fibers and ground substance.

What are the two types of fibers mentioned?

Collagen and elastin

What gives ground substance its Jello-like consistency?

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

What else is found in ground substance?

Water, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

What is fascia?

Sheets of connective tissue found below the skin.

What are the functions of fascia?

attaches, stabilizes, provides strength, separates muscles, and encloses organs

What is superficial fascia?

Subcutaneous tissue

What is deep fascia?

Tissue underlying superficial fascia, typically dense and organized CT

What is visceral fascia?

Fascia that lines organs in body cavities.

What is parietal fascia?

lines the wall of a body cavity

What is muscle tissue specialized for?

contraction

What are the three types of muscle?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

What are sarcomeres?

Parallel overlapping sets of actin and myosin filaments

What are the two major functional divisions of the PNS

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

What are the two major motor divisions?

Somatic and autonomic.

What is a multipolar motor neuron?

A neuron with two or more dendrites and a single axon that may branch

What is a pseudounipolar sensory neuron?

A neuron with a short, apparently single but actually double process extending from the cell body

What are neuroglia?

Non-excitable cells that form a major component of nervous tissue

What is a ganglion?

A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

What type of tissue is the superficial layer of epidermis?

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

What type of tissue is the basal layer of epidermis?

simple cuboidal epithelium

What type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis?

loose connective

What type of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis?

dense irregular connective tissue

What is the main tissue of the hypodermis?

adipose

What does “integumentary system” refer to?

The skin and its appendages, including hair, nails, and glands

What two cell types are interspersed in the basal layer?

Melanocytes and Merkel cells.

What lies beneath the skin's superficial fascia?

Deep fascia and skeletal muscle.