Psych Unit 3 - Development and Learning

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55 Terms

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Longitudinal Studies
A research method where the same group of participants are studied repeatedly over a long period of time.
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Cross-Sectional Studies
A research design where data is collected from a diverse group of individuals at a single point in time.
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Teratogen
Any substance or agent that can cause abnormalities in a developing fetus when a pregnant woman is exposed to it, potentially leading to birth defects.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A developmental disorder in a child caused by heavy alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy.
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Reflexes
Involuntary, automatic responses to a stimulus, occurring without conscious thought or effort, often serving to protect the body from harm.
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Visual Cliff Apparatus
A specially designed experimental setup used to study depth perception in infants and animals.
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Maturation
The process of biological growth and development that occurs naturally over time, enabling orderly changes in behavior.
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Critical Period
A specific time window during development where an organism is highly sensitive to environmental stimuli.
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Sensitive Period
A specific developmental window where an individual is particularly receptive to learning certain skills or acquiring specific knowledge.
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Imprinting
A rapid learning process where a newborn animal forms a strong attachment to the first moving object it encounters shortly after birth.
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Gross Movement
Large, coordinated body movements that utilize large muscle groups, like walking, running, or jumping.
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Fine Motor Skills
The ability to control small muscle groups, primarily in the hands and fingers, to perform precise movements.
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Crystallized Intelligence
The accumulated knowledge, skills, and facts a person has acquired throughout their life.
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Fluid Intelligence
The ability to solve new problems, reason abstractly, and think flexibly in novel situations without relying on previously learned knowledge.
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Dementia
A significant decline in cognitive functions like memory and reasoning abilities that disrupts daily life.
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Piaget's 4 Stages of Development
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages of cognitive development.
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Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
The gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what they can achieve with guidance.
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Language
A complex system of communication using symbols, words, or signs to express thoughts, ideas, and emotions.
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Phonemes
The smallest distinctive unit of sound in a language.
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Morphemes
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning.
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Grammar
The set of rules governing how words are combined to form meaningful sentences.
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Cooing Stage
An early stage of infant language development involving soft, vowel-like sounds, typically occurring between 2-3 months old.
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Babbling Stage
A developmental period where infants combine consonants and vowels like 'ba-ba' or 'ma-ma,' typically between 6 and 9 months old.
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One-Word Stage
The developmental period when a child uses single words to communicate entire thoughts, usually around 12-18 months old.
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Two-Word Stage
A developmental phase where a child starts to combine two words to communicate, typically between 18-24 months.
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Overgeneralization of language rules
When a child applies a grammatical rule too broadly, resulting in incorrect usage.
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Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
A theory by Erik Erikson outlining eight distinct stages each characterized by a psychosocial crisis.
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Associative Learning
A type of learning where an individual forms a connection between two stimuli or a stimulus and a response.
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Habituation
A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
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Classical Conditioning
A type of learning where an organism learns to associate two stimuli together, forming a new learned response.
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Conditioned Response
A learned behavior occurring when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Acquisition
The initial stage of learning in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Higher Order Conditioning
A process in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus.
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Extinction
The gradual weakening or disappearance of a learned behavior when it is no longer reinforced.
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Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period without exposure.
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Generalization
The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.
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Discrimination
The act of behaving negatively towards an individual based on their group membership.
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Operant Conditioning
A type of learning where a behavior is strengthened or weakened based on its consequences.
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Reinforcement
A consequence that strengthens the likelihood of a behavior occurring by providing a desirable outcome.
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Law of Effect
Behaviors that produce satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated.
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Shaping
A technique in operant conditioning where a desired behavior is gradually taught by reinforcing successive approximations.
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Instinctive Drift
The tendency of an animal to revert back to instinctual behaviors despite being trained to perform a different learned behavior.
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Superstitious Behavior
A behavior repeated based on the mistaken belief that it causes a desired outcome.
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Learned Helplessness
A psychological state where an individual feels powerless to change their situation due to repeated exposure to uncontrollable events.
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Reinforcement Schedules
A set of rules determining how often a desired behavior will be reinforced.
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Continuous
A gradual and ongoing process of change in development without distinct stages.
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Partial
A type of reinforcement schedule where a desired behavior is rewarded occasionally.
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Fixed Interval
A reinforcement schedule where a response is rewarded after a specific amount of time has passed.
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Fixed Ratio
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is rewarded after a specific number of responses.
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Variable Interval
A reinforcement schedule where a response is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time.
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Variable Ratio
A reinforcement schedule where a behavior is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses.
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latent learning

knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has the incentive to demonstrate it.

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observational learning

the process of learning by watching others and imitating their behavior.

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insight learning

a type of learning that occurs when a solution suddenly becomes apparent after a period of contemplation. It often involves a mental rearrangement of the components of a problem.