Honors Biology: Life Assessment

What does biotic mean?

was alive, relating to, or resulting from, living things

What are the 6 Kingdoms of Life?

Biotic Factors!

1. Animals: coral, fish, dogs

2. Plants: grass, trees, flowers

3. Archaebacteria: “extremophiles” → acidophiles, halophiles, thermophiles

4. Eubacteria: disease causing e.g. streptococcus, cyanobacteria (blue, green photosynthesis)

5. Fungi: mushroom, mildew, yeast

6. Protist: all unicellular → amoeba, paramecium

What does abiotic mean?

was never alive, physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms; devoid of life

What are some examples of abiotic factors?

• Sunlight energy

• Water

• Elements/Minerals

  • Carbon

  • Calcium

  • Iron

  • Rocks

    • Shelter/minerals to soil

  • Oxygen for making energy

What are the 8 Life Traits?

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. All living things are made up of DNA

3. All living things grow and develop

4. All living things respond to stimuli internally and externally

5. All living things are able to maintain homeostasis

6. All living things obtain and use energy

7. All living things reproduce

8. All living things are able to adapt and evolve

Life Trait

1. All living things are made up of ____!

• Define number of cells

• Examples

• Cells types & define type of cells

CELLS

• Unicellular → made of one type of cell

  • Protist: amoeba

  • Protist: paramecium

  • Fungi: yeast

  • bacterium

• Multicellular → composed of many specialized cells

  • Animal: fish

  • Plant: cactus

  • Fungi: mushroom

• These cells can be either (1) Prokaryotic or (2) Eukaryotic

  1. Only bacteria

     • No nuclei

     • Simple structure

  2. All other

     • Have nucleus

     • Bigger & more complex structure

What are the 3 domains that life can be organized into?

• Organisms types and define types

• Kingdoms within each domain

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

   • Prokaryotes: Organisms with prokaryotic cells

     • Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

3. Eukarya

   • Eukaryotes: Organisms with eukaryotic cells

     • Protist, Fungi, Plant, Animal

The classification of organisms

• What is each category called?

• What is Taxonomy?

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

1. Domain

2. Kingdom

3. Phylum

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

8. Species: One type of organism that is capable of interbreeding (having viable of spring who are also able to reproduce)

• Taxon

• The study of classifying and naming organisms

Life Trait

2. All living things contain ____!

• Define it

• What are the 4 nitrogen containing molecules?

• Where does diversity stem from?

• What are chromosomes and where are they found?

DNA: The universal genetic code (hereditary material) that is common to ALL forms of life

1. Adenine

2. Thymine

   • Complementary Base-Pairs: T — A

3. Cytosine

4. Guanine

   • Complementary Base-Pairs: G — C

• It stems from the differences in the DNA sequences

• They are the DNA molecule packaged into a thread-like structure found in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell

What is every chromosome composed of?

• Define it

• Hundreds to thousands of genes

• Genes: sequences of DNA that code for a specific trait

Life Trait

3. All living things ____ & ____!

GROW: increase in size or number of cells

DEVELOP: changes an organism goes through until adult form

• Usually they occur together

Life Trait

4. All living things _____!

• In order for an individual to survive, an organism must maintain ____

• Examples of communication between all the complex systems within an organism to maintain homeostasis

RESPOND TO STIMULI INTERNALLY & EXTERNALLY

• Homeostasis: a stable internal environment even when external conditions change dramatically

  • This must occur at the cellular level and at the entire organism level

• Nervous system: allows you to detect external “signals” (stimuli) from the environment

• Endocrine system: allows you to detect internal signals through hormones

Life Trait

5. Living things need food for _____

• 2 types of creating/obtaining it

• What is Cellular Respiration and its different types

ENERGY

• Autotroph/Producers: make (synthesize) their own food through PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  • plants, cyanobacteria, some protist

• Heterotrophs/consumers: obtain food from their environment

  • All animals through ingestion, all fungi through absorption, some bacteria, protists

• The process that breaks down food for Energy (ATP)

  • All organisms perform this

  • Aerobic Respiration: requires O₂

    • Most complex organisms perform this type because it releases max energy from food

  • Anaerobic Respiration: no O₂ required

    • Few organisms perform this type because it releases very little energy

      • Unicellular organisms → yeast, some bacteria

Life Trait

6. For the species to continue, living things must _____!

• What are the 2 types of reproduction

REPRODUCE

1. Asexual: offspring DNA are identical to parent

2. Sexual: offspring a combination of parents DNA

Life Trait

7. Populations _____ over time

• Define it

• What is an adaptation?

• What is natural selection

EVOLVE

• Changes in the DNA over time within a population/species, but an individuals DNA doesn’t not change

• They are traits that make an organism better able to survive in their environment

• It is a mechanism of evolution and explains how DNA changes over time within populations

What are all the Life Processes?

• Define each one

1. Cellular Respiration: process that releases ENERGY from food (Aerobic & Anaerobic)

2. Reproduction: necessary to continue species

3. Synthesis: combining simple substances to create complex substances

4. Growth & Development: increase in size and/or number of cells in an organism

5. Excretion: removal of toxic waste

   • In animals, kidneys filter wastes out of the blood and it gets eliminated through urine

6. Regulation: communication between systems that helps maintain homeostasis

   • Nervous system → provides body with information about the external environment through nerve impulses

   • Endocrine system → provides the body with internal information through hormones

7. Transport: movement of materials throughout an entire organism

   • Unicellular → cytoplasmic streaming

8. Nutrition: process of taking in (or making) organic nutrients and then breaking them down to fuel all the life processes

   • Nutrients → substances needed for energy, growth, repair, & maintenance

What is Metabolism?

• Define the 2 reactions

All the chemical reactions that occur within an organism both anabolic and catabolic

• Anabolic/Synthesis reactions

  • Build complex substances from simple ones

  • They are always endergonic and require energy as a reactant

    ex. photosynthesis, building DNA, building muscle

• Catabolic/Combustion reactions

  • Break down complex substances

  • They are always exergonic and release energy as a product

    ex. cellular respiration, fire, decaying matter

What is the Hierarchy of Organization?

1. Biosphere: everywhere on the planet where life exists, all biomes

2. Biome: Large areas of water/land with predictable climate

3. Ecosystem: both the biotic and abiotic factors in one area interacting

4. Community: all the biotic factors living in one area

5. Population: one species living in one area who are interacting, and interbreeding

6. Organism: an individual living thing

7. Organ system: organs that work together to perform a particular function

8. Organ: a group of tissue that work together to perform a specific function

9. Tissue: a group of similar cells with a specific function

10. Cell: Smallest unit of life

11. Organelle: specialized structures within a living cell

12. Molecule: cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

13. Atom: smallest particle of matter that make up biotic & abiotic factors

1. What are stem cells?

2. What are specialized/differentiated cells?

1. Cells that are NOT yet committed to a specific function are called Stem Cells. They are considered unspecialized or undifferentiated cells.

2. A cell that has been assigned a specific function is considered a specialized or differentiated cell.