LECTURE 3: Types of Active Vaccines

• Live, attenuated (nonpathogenic) microorganism

• Inactivated (killed) microorganism

• Antigenic components of microorganism (subunit vaccine)

TYPES OF ACTIVE VACCINES:

LIVE, ATTENUATED VACCINES

Use of live bacteria or viruses that have been weakened through exposure

• chemical treatment, elevated or cold temperatures, or repeated in vitro passage in cell culture

LIVE, ATTENUATED VACCINES

Weakened microorganisms do not cause disease in healthy individuals but are able to stimulate the immune response.

LIVE, ATTENUATED VACCINES

Able to replicate at a low level in the host and are therefore capable of inducing both humoral and cellmediated immune responses.

LIVE, ATTENUATED VACCINES

Limitations:

• immunocompromised individuals

• pregnant women

• immunocompromised individuals

• pregnant women

LIMITATIONS OF LIVE, ATTENUATED VACCINES:

INACTIVATED (KILLED) VACCINES

Consist of intact, killed viruses or bacteria.

INACTIVATED (KILLED) VACCINES

Killed by heat or chemical treatment so that they are not pathogenic but retain their antigenic properties

INACTIVATED (KILLED) VACCINES

Safely given to immunocompromised people

INACTIVATED (KILLED) VACCINES

Necessary to provide a larger amount of antigen in order to stimulate an effective immune response.

INACTIVATED (KILLED) VACCINES

• Mostly induce humoral response

• Need adjvants and booster

• Toxoid vaccine

• Polysaccharide vaccine

• Purified Protein vaccine

SUBUNIT VACCINES:

SUBUNIT VACCINES

• Contains specific purified parts of the pathogen (protein, polysaccharide, toxoids or recombinant antigen)

• Need adjvants and booster

SUBUNIT VACCINES

TOXOID VACCINE

• bacterial exotoxins that have been chemically inactivated

• Used to induce the production of antibodies that can bind to exotoxins and neutralize their effects.

• Examples: Tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid

SUBUNIT VACCINES

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

• Virulence factor possessed by encapsulated bacteria

• they can facilitate clearance of the bacteria by inducing opsonization or complement-mediated lysis.

• Examples:

  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)

  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

  • Meningococcal vaccine

SUBUNIT VACCINES

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

• composed of proteins from a pathogen

• Recombinant Protein

  • More highly purified protein vaccine through gene coding of protein.

• Examples:

  • Hepatitis B vaccine

  • HPV vaccine

  • Shingles vaccine

  • Recombinant influena vaccine

TOXOID VACCINE

Bacterial exotoxins that have been chemically inactivated

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

TOXOID VACCINE

Used to induce the production of antibodies that can bind to exotoxins and neutralize their effects.

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

TOXOID VACCINE

Examples: Tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

• Tetanus toxoid

• diphtheria toxoid

EXAMPLES OF TOXOID VACCINE:

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

Virulence factor possessed by encapsulated bacteria

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

They can facilitate clearance of the bacteria by inducing opsonization or complement-mediated lysis.

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

inducing opsonization or complement-mediated lysis

Polysaccharide vaccine can facilitate clearance of bacteria by?

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

Examples:

• Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)

• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

• Meningococcal vaccine

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

• Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)

• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

• Meningococcal vaccine

EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE:

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

Composed of proteins from a pathogen

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

Recombinant Protein

• More highly purified protein vaccine through gene coding of protein.

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

Recombinant Protein

More highly purified protein vaccine through gene coding of protein.

(PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE)

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

Examples:

• Hepatitis B vaccine

• HPV vaccine

• Shingles vaccine

• Recombinant influena vaccine

(SUBUNIT VACCINES)

• Hepatitis B vaccine

• HPV vaccine

• Shingles vaccine

• Recombinant influena vaccine

EXAMPLES OF PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE:

TOXOID VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Tetanustoxoid

TOXOID VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Diphtheria toxoid

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Meningococcal vaccine

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Hepatitis B vaccine

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

HPV vaccine

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Shingles vaccine

PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINE

Identify what type of Subunit Vaccine (Toxoid, Polysaccharide, Purified Protein):

Recombinant influenza vaccine