NR-283 pathophysiology fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances Questions with 100% correct answers -Chamberlain

sodium action

allows for conduction of muscle movement, provides fluid balance in cells and body fluids

- extracellular electrolye

-chloride generally follows the level of sodium up or down

-fluid loss from diaphoresis, vomiting or diarrhea, diuretic drugs, hormonal imbalance, early chronic renal failure, excessive water intake

hypernatremia symptoms

thirst, confusion, decreased urine output, lethargy, possible coma, muscle weakness, agitation

Hyponatremia symptoms

mental confusion,HA, seizures, muscle cramps, irritability, abdominal discomfort or cramps with N/V and seizures

Potassium

intracellular electrolyte

Potassium action

helps conduct nerve impulses and muscle contractions

-regulate the flow of fluids and nutrients into and out of body cells

-generation of the electrical impulses in the body that allow muscles and the brain to function, particularly the heart.

Hyperkalemia symptoms

life-threatening situation because it causes abnormal electrical conduction in the heart and potentially life-threatening heart rhythm problems.

Hypokalemia symptoms

includes muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias,paralytic ileus, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflexes and in severe cases, respiratory paralysis and alkalosis

Calcium Action

-extracellular electrolyte

-promotes bone growth and decreases calcium levels in the blood; especially important as a neurotransmitter release, and muscle contraction

Hypercalcemia symptoms

too much calcium can be associated with heart rhythm disturbances. inside the cell causes intracellular stress and apoptosis, includes kidney stones, abdominal pain, and depression

Hypocalcemia symptoms

weakness, muscle spasms and cramps,tingling in

Hypocalcemia causes

-inadequate intestinal absorption

-deposition of ionized calcium into bone or soft tissue

-Blood administration or decreases in PTH and vitamin D

-nutritional deficiencies occur with inadequate sources of dairy products or green leafy vegetables

Hypercalcemia

-hyperparathyroidism

-cancer bone of breast, lungs,head, neck and kidney

-excess vitamin D

-immobility

-increased milk or antacid digestion

Magnesium

-important for metabolism

-energy production

-hormone function, cell membrane stability

-cardiovascular health

-immune system health

hypomagnesemia cause

-malabsorption pr malnutrition

-use of diuretics

-diabetic ketoacidosis

-hyperparathyroidism

-hyperaldosteronism

hypomagnesemia symptoms

neuromuscular hyperirritability

-insomnia

personality changes

increased heart rate with arrhytmias

Hypermagnesemia causes

renal failure

-excess magnesium depresses neuromuscular function

hypermagnesemia symptoms

-decreased reflexes

-lethargy

-cardiac arrhythmias

Phosphorus

provides energy for muscle contraction

-nerve function and muscle contraction

-assist in acid-base balance

when PO2 increases calcium decreases

when PO2 decreases calcium increases

Chloride

extracellular

-follows sodium

-assists in normal fluid balance in the body

hypochloremia

excessive perspiration

-strenous labor on a hot day can lead to loss of sodium chloride resulting in hyponatremia and hypochloremia and ultimately dehydration.

hyperchloremia

-excessive intake of sodium chloride,orally,intravenously or hypernatremia due to other causes leading to edema and weight gain.