SOCI 325 DUMAS MIDTERM 2

What do demonic and classical perspectives share in common?

both are epistemologies or ways of knowing our social world

What did Lombroso believe?

the tendency towards deviance originated in the body

what is atavism

the reversion to a former state

what did Lombroso argue that criminals were?

atavists

characteristics of “robbers” → Lombroso

-small, shifting, quick eyes

-unibrows

-twisted snub noses

-receding beards and foreheads

Criminal man

inherited genes that made them particularly violent or devious

Lombroso’s three (3) contributions

-brough science and multicausal analysis into study of deviance

-biology affects deviance; a normal man required no punishment for murder because he would likely not commit the act again

-the punishment should fit the criminal, and not the crime

punishment should fit the crime, not the criminal is a thought of what theory?

rational

punishment should fit the criminal and not the crime is a thought of what theory?

pathological

what does the pathological approach suggest about punishment?

-surgery, electro compulsive shock therapy, insulin-induced comas, etc., are better ways to CHANGE the offender

what do demonic and pathological perspectives have in common in terms of punishment

-offer arbitrary punishment

-contain a focus on the body

-control over the actor rather than the act

classical approach assumes what

control over the act, rather than the actor

problems with Lombroso’s work

-empirical research flawed

-sloppy measurements

-unrefined statistical techniques

-many stigmata were simply social

what did Dugdale and the Jukes observe

-crime and poverty were inherited

-genetics must have an impact upon deviance

what did Goddard and the Kallikaks suggest?

-genetics must have something to do with deviant actions

freud’s three personality components

id, superego, and ego

what is the Id?

instinctual energies

Superego

inculcation of society’s norms

Ego

in between, balancing act (conscience)

what does an overly strong “Id” lead to?

a life of crime

what does an overly developed superego lead to?

no own unique personality of their own

iceberg analogy

superego and ego are the conscious mind (above water) and the Id is the unconscious mind (below water)

a person is likely to engage in crime if

the Id is too strong, and the superego is too weak

what does Pfohl argue about the pathological approach?

-it promises too much but delivers little

what did Turner and Edgley conclude?

-the reverse causal change is also possible

-much of the evidence that pathologists offer for criminal/deviant conduct could be the result of SOCIAL change

-biological characteristics are not always independent of causal forces

what two things are related to schizophrenia?

-lower SES

-marital status

what did Michael Portillo determine was the most humane way of human execution?

hypoxia (nitrogen→ euphoric feelings→ unconscious)

functions of crime (4)

-sets boundaries

-enhances group solidarity

-maintains innovative functions

-reduces tensiosn

what do structural functionists believe about crime?

crime is functional

false teleology

-look at the positive affects of something and say that is why it exists

what is this an example of: “religious people appear to not fear death, this fearlessness is the cause of religion”

false teleology

what does false teleology assume?

the cause is the effect

telos meaning

end, purpose, goal (outcome)

logos meaning

explanation, logic, reason

Tautology

circular reasoning

“because it exists it must be functional. If it were not functional it would not exist”

tautology

what is this an example of: “I need a job to pay for my education but I need an education to get a job”

tautology

What does Davis say about prostitution?

it would not exist if it were not functional

Theory

-we must generate causal statements about how social life works

-functionalism does not explain much about the origin of norms

-maybe norms are not a mirror of society, but rather are the norms of the wealthy/upper class

Non-Disprovable

-functionalism is always correct

-dysfunctional characteristics are functional

True or False, do structural functionalists believe sanctioning deviance is functional?

True

Erikson Year

1964

Wayward Puritans

-for each punishment, moral boundaries were clarified

-the definitions of deviance were clarified by the values of society

-volume of deviants remained constant of a 30 year period

what did Davis ARGUE about prostitution?

-it would never be eliminated because of the important social functions it serves

physiological reasons

-females do not have periods of anoestrum (complete unresponsiveness to sexual stimuli)

sociological reasons

-social dominance

aspects of prostitution

the rate of prostitution

individual causes for seeking a prostitution

causes

functions of prostitution

-male need for sexual experimentation

-helps less attractive men find sex so readily

-functions to keep the family intact

what does anomie mean?

without purpose or normlessness

Durkheim’s meaning(s) for anomie

1. an anomic division of labour

2. an anomic mental state of an individual

society transitioned from what to what solidarity?

mechanical to organic

Mechanical Solidarity

people in the simplest societies are bonded due to their shared similarities

Organic Solidarity

characteristics of modern industrial societies

as the division of labour grows, what creates social problems?

human greed and desire

what does anomie result from?

when social institutions are unable to morally constrain human desires

Division of Labour Marx

class conflict leads to anomie

Division of Labour Durkheim

anomie leads to class conflict

too strong of integration

Altruistic

too weak of integration

Egoistic

too strong of regulation

fatalistic

too weak of regulation

anomic

war hero or terrorist

altruistic

slave or prisoner

fatalistic

homeless person, single man

egoistic

Indigenous person

anomic

most common type

conformity

most common “deviant” adaptation

innovative

least common “deviant” adaptation

retreatism

Agnew and General Social Strain

-females experience as much strain as males

-strain is gendered

three types of strain

-inability to achieve positively valued goals

-removal or threat to remove positively valued stimuli

-present a threat to one with negatively valued stimuli

what did Durkheim believe caused deviant behaviour

rapid social change, people are unregulated

what dd Merton believe caused deviance

social strain