Lecture 1 - Intro to Pharm and Med-Math

Pharmacology

study of drugs (chemicals) that alter functions of living organisms

Pharmacotherapy (drug therapy)

use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and diseases

Local effects act mainly ___________

at the site of application

Systemic effects ___________

are taken into the body, circulated through the bloodstream to their sites of action in various body tissue

10 rights of medication administration

• right drug

• right dose

• right patient

• right route

• right time

• right reason

• right documentation

• right patient education

• right evaluation

• right to refuse medication

Drugs are classified according to:

• their effects on body systems

• therapeutic uses - typically reflect the reasons the drugs are being used

• chemical characteristics

Prototype

an individual drug that represents groups of drugs

Generic (official name)

• related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the manufacturer

• indicates the drug group; lowercase

• therapeutically equal and less expensive than trade name brands

Brand (trade name)

• designated and patented by the manufacturer

• Uppercase or Capitalized

• Typically more expensive

The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938

regulates the manufacturing , distribution, advertising and labeling of drugs

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

• regulates the manufacture and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids

• strict monitoring and security of these drugs

• these drugs are placed into categories and are labeled as controlled substances

Drug Enforcement Agent (DEA) Schedules of Controlled Substances

• schedule I (C-I)

• schedule II (C-II)

• schedule III (C-III)

• schedule IV (C-IV)

• schedule V (C-V)

the controlled drugs are divided into 5 DEA schedules based on their potential for abuse and physical and psychological dependence

Schedule I (C-I)

no known therapeutic use

• heroin, LSD

Schedule II (C-II)

narcotics, amphetamines, barbiturates

Schedule III (C-III)

moderate abuse potential

• ketamine, steroids

Schedule IV (C-IV)

limited dependence potential

Schedule V (C-V)

limited abuse potential

Food and Drug Administration

• responsible for ensuring new drugs are safe and effective

• reviews research studies about proposed new drugs

• approves (or not) the drugs, allowing them to be marketed

• approves both prescription and OTC medications

• may approve prescription medications to become otc

Black Box Warning

drugs that can cause serious adverse effects; strongest warning the FDA gives

Clinical trail phases

• Phase 0

• Phase 1

• Phase 2

• Phase 3

• Phase 4

Clinical trail Phase 0

testing in animals and small groups of humans

Clinical trail Phase 1

healthy volunteers to determine safe dosages, absorption and metabolism

Clinical trail Phase 2

given to subjects with disease and responses and compared with the healthy group

Clinical trail Phase 3

different population and dosages, may use placebos

Clinical trail Phase 4

FDA approval for marketing; FDA puts regulations on manufactures

High risk medications

• insulin

• magnesium sulfate

• oxytocin

• potassium chloride

• promethazine

• vasopressin

Drugs given for therapeutic purposes are called _______

medications

Most drugs are given for ________ effects

systemic

These help manage administration of drugs in the clinical setting:

• electronic charting

• automated drug-dispensing systems

• bar code med administration

Gram =

g

Milligram =

mg

Microgram =

mcg

Kilogram =

kg

1000 mcg = ____ mg

1 mg

1000 mg = _____g

1g

1000 g = _____ kg

1 kg

12 in = _____ ft

1 ft

3 ft = _____ yard

1 yard

1 gallon = ____ quarts

4 quarts

1 quart = ____ pints

2 pints

1 pint = ____ oz

16 oz

8 oz = ____ cup

1 cup

2 tbsp = _____ oz

1 oz

16 oz = _____ pound

1 pound

1 inch = _____ cm

2.54 cm

1 tbsp = ____ mL

15 mL

1 tsp = _____ mL

5 mL

1 oz = _____ mL

30 mL

2.2 lbs = _____ kg

1 kg

°C =

(°F − 32) ÷ 1.8

°F conversion

(°C x 1.8) + 32

Ac =

before meals

Pc =

after meals

Daily =

every day

Bid =

twice a day

h =

hour

gtt =

drop

Tid =

three times a day

Qid =

four times a day

Qh =

every hour

Qn =

every night

Stat =

immediately

Q_h =

means every ____ hours

Prn

as needed

Biw

twice per week

HHN =

handheld nebulizer

Handheld nebulizer (NEB)

medication is placed in a device that produces a fine spray for inhalation

IM =

intramuscularly

Intramuscularly

the injection is given at a 90 degree angle into a muscle

IV =

intravenously

Intravenously

the medication or fluid is given into a vein

IVP =

intravenous push

IVP (Intravenous Push)

medication is injected directly into a vein

IVPB =

intravenous piggback

IVPB (intravenous piggyback)

medication prepared in a small volume of fluid is attached to an IV (which is already infusing fluid into a client’s vein) at specified times

MDI =

metered-dose inhaler

MDI Device

an aerosol device delivers medication by inhalation

NEB =

nebulizer

NGT or ng =

nasogastric tube

NGT or ng

medication is placed in the stomach through a tube in the nose

po or PO

by mouth

pr or PR

in the rectum

Subcutaneously, sub q

the injection is usually given at a 45-degree angle into subcutaneous tissue

SL =

sublingual, under the tongue

S & S =

swish-and-swallow technique

by using tongue and cheek muscles, the client coats his or her mouth with a liquid medication, then swallows

cap, caps =

capsule

CR =

controlled release

LA =

long acting

SA =

sustained action

SR =

slow release or sustained release

DS =

double strength

EC =

enteric coated

el, elix

elixir

contains water, alcohol, sweetener, and medication

sol

solution

the drug is contained in a clear liquid preparation

sp (abbrev) meaning

spirit

alcoholic solution of a volatile substance (ex: spirit of ammonia)

sup, supp (abbrev)

suppository

solid, cylindrically shaped drug that can be inserted into a body opening (e.g., the rectum or vagina)

susp

suspension

contains small, fine particles of the medication that do not dissolve completely in water shake or stir a suspension immediately prior to administration

syr

syrup

contains water, concentrated sugar, and medication

tab, tabs

tablets

medication is compressed or molded into a solid form; additional ingredients are used to shape and color the tablet

tr, tinct

tincture

liquid alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of a drug