The Catholic Reformation

Catholic Reformation

• Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation

• Pope Paul III made papal court the center of reform

• Roman Inquisition: torture was allowed, judicial authority over all Catholics, and power to imprison, arrest, and execute heretics

• the Council of Trent (1545-1563) equal validity to scriptures, marriage before priests and witnesses, emphasized Bible and tradition (no way Luther is right)

• education for clergy and commoners

• the end of simony

• stricter control on clergy life

• bishop's given more authority

• Seminary professors determined if candidates had vocation (genuine calling for preisthood)

• Society of Jesus (Jesuits): played an international role in strengthening Catholicism, they made additional vows (obedience to the Pope), a militant order to combat Reformation through pen or sword

• Carmelite order: stricter standards of asceticism and poverty

• Ursuline order: education for women

• Holy Office: controlled the Roman Inquisition, made by Paul III

• introduced standards and training for priests

• Index of Prohibited Books:

• Said everything Luther said was wrong

• persecution of heretics through the Inquisition

• Baroque gets the illiterate into the Roman Catholic Church

"Reformation Popes"

• Julius II (sponsored the "High Renaissance" and artists like Michelangelo and Raphael)

• Paul III

Council of Trent

• purpose: reform the Catholic church and secure reconciliation with protestants (which was impossible)
• met between 1545 and 1563
• laid basis for spiritual renewal of Catholic Church
• gave equal validity to Scriptures and traditional sources of religious truth and authority
• affirmed seven sacraments
• kept tradition of teaching transubstantiation
• dealt with disciplinary matters (absenteeism, pluralism, priests having sex with local woman or keeping concubines, simony)

Jesuits

• also known as Loyola, Society of Jesus
• founded by Ignatius Loyola
• played a powerful International role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading it around the world
• a militant order that enforced Catholicism through pen or sword
• first ones were primarily from wealthy merchant and professional families and saw their mission as improving people's spiritual condition rather than altering doctrine
• made additional vows
• vowed special obedience to the Pope
• brought Christianity to India and Japan before 1550
• brought Christianity to Brazil, North America, and the Congo in the 17th century
• brought Southern Germany and much of Eastern Europe back to Catholicism
• their schools had modern humanist curriculum and methods, taught nobility and poor boys
• were confessors and spiritual directors to Kings → held great political influence

Baroque Movement

• dramatic in every way
• sponsored art and architecture which was dynamic, theatrical, and emotional to inspire and awe
• Berumi was an Italian sculptor and architect who pioneered this style
• intended to get the illiterate into the Roman Catholic Church with the impressive art and architecture

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

• a devout Catholic King of England
• was the second born, so he was trained in religion instead
• awarded "Defender of the Faith" for writing the Defense of the Seven Sacraments (1521) to counter Luther
• after the War of Roses (a civil war) threatened the stability, this man wanted a son (heir) and thus annulment from Catherine of Aragon
• the Pope refused this man's request for annulment from his marriage because his wife was the aunt to Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
• as a result of the Pope's refusal, this man broke from the Roman Catholic Church (before adopting Protestantism) and marrying Anne Boleyn
• had the Act of Supremacy (1534) passed by Parliament, naming him the sole head of the "Church of England"
• seized Roman Catholic Church lands (over 500 monasteries) and gave some to his most loyal and Protestant nobles → recreating land aristocracy
• squashed the 1536 "Pilgrimage of Grace" Rebellion
• left a middle path between Roman Catholic Church and Protestants with the 6 Articles

The Six Wives of Henry VIII

1. Catherine of Aragon
2. Anne Boleyn
3. Jane Seymour
4. Anne of Cleves
5. Katherine Howard
6. Katherine Parr

Which wife of Henry VIII divorced him via Archbishop of Canterbury, Cranmer?

Catherine of Aragon

Which wife of Henry VIII's marriage was annulled because she was "so innocent" that she did not even realize her marriage was unconsummated?

Anne of Cleves

Which wife of Henry VIII was found out to have been unfaithful, and she and her lovers were subsequently executed?

Katheryn Howard

Which wife of Henry VIII survived Henry and was finally able to marry her true love, Thomas Seymour, but unfortunately died bearing Seymour's first child?

Katherine Parr

Which wife of Henry VIII had a royal commission find "evidence" that this queen committed adultery with five men, and all the men and the queen were executed?

Anne Boleyn

Which wife of Henry VIII was mother to Elizabeth I?

Anne Boleyn

Which wife of Henry VIII was mother to Mary?

Catherine of Aragon

Which wife of Henry VIII made Henry believe that he had violated God's commandments by marrying her-his older brother's widow?

Catherine of Aragon

which wife of Henry VIII was a well-liked queen who gave birth to a legitimate heir, Prince Edward VI?

Jane Seymour

Which wife of Henry VIII was extremely unpopular, so much so that courtiers suggested she had to have been a witch to have driven Henry into such desperation as to start his own church?

Anne Boleyn

Act of Supremacy

• 1534 act that declared the monarch the "only supreme head" of the "Church of England"
• required subjects to take the loyalty oath (accepting Henry VIII's new marriage and rejecting the pope) → Thomas More, Henry VIII's tutor since he was a child, refused and was executed → Henry VIII was distraught

Six Articles

• enacted by Henry VIII in England, 1539
• reaffirmed basic Catholic beliefs: transubstantiation, inviolability of vows of celibacy for clergy, oral confession
• maintained Act of Supremacy that made King head of the Church of England

Dissolution of Monasteries

• Henry VIII seized Roman Catholic Church lands which included over 500 monasteries and gave some to his most loyal, Protestant nobles → recreating the land aristocracy

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

• under her, Parliament made England a Protestant nation via the Act of Uniformity (1559)
• passed laws against "recusants"
• passed the 39 Articles (1563)
• this woman's moderate religious settlement satisfied all but the extremists (Puritans) and the Roman Catholic Church
• Papal Bull of 1570 absolved England of allegiance to this woman and labeled her a heretic
• when this woman's closest heir (Catholic Mary Stuart) was implicated in a plot to kill her, this woman had her executed (affects civil war)
• The "Virgin Queen", this woman never got married
• despite succession crisis and war with Spain, England emerged intensely nationalistic during this woman's reign
• defined an age of colonial beginnings, naval victories, and unprecedented cultural achievements

Act of Uniformity (1559)

• Act of Parliament that made England a Protestant nation under Queen Elizabeth I
• Church of England and religious doctrines under state (royal) control
• Book of Common Prayer enforced
• membership of the Church of England required (later forced onto Ireland)

39 Articles (1563)

• defined the creed of the Church of England, establishing Protestant beliefs in it (clergy marriage and no Latin, saints, or Mary)
• also made the Church of England like the Roman Catholic Church in appearance (with a hierarchy and rituals)

Why was Henry VIII, a devout Catholic, awarded the title "Defender of the Faith"?

Because he wrote the Defense of the Seven Sacraments (1521) to counter Luther.

After the War of Roses (a civil war) threatened stability in England, what did Henry VIII want?

He wanted a son, a heir.

Because Henry VII wanted a son, what did he have to do?

He had to divorce (get annulment) Catherine of Aragon (his older brother's wife).

When Henry VIII asked the Pope for annulment from Catherine of Aragon what did the Pope do and why?

The Pope refused Henry VIII because Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor.

As a result of the Pope's refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, what did Henry VIII do?

He broke from the Roman Catholic Church (before adopting Protestantism) and married Anne Boleyn.

What did the Act of Supremacy (1534) do?

It declared the monarch the "only supreme head" of the "Church of England." It required all subjects to take a loyalty oath accepting the new marriage and rejecting the Pope. However Thomas More, Henry's tutor since he was a child, refused and was subsequently executed. This left Henry VIII distraught.

What did Henry VIII do with the Roman Catholic Church lands (over 500 monasteries) he seized?

He gave them out to his most loyal and Protestant nobles, recreating a land aristocracy.

England was constantly on the verge of religious revolt/civil war for the rest of the 16th century. Further developments regarding England's religious status included:

• Henry VIII: Protestant, Act of Supremacy (1534), squashed 1536 "Pilgrimage of Grace" Rebellion, left a middle piddle path between Roman Catholic Church and Protestants with the Six Articles
• Edward VI: got the throne at 10 years old, was a "Hot Protestant" with Cranmer pushing Protestantism, stripped the Crown from his half-sisters (Mary and Elizabeth) intending for it to got to the Greys (Lady Jane Grey, his cousin)
• Mary I: very Catholic, hated the fact that England was becoming Protestant, very unpopular, burned 300 people at stake, married Philip of Spain (English didn't like him either because he was trying to destroy all non-Catholics), declared Protestants had to convert or die, locked up her non-Catholic half-sister (Elizabeth I), got a stomach tumor and thought it was God's child (doctors could not tell her she was dying)

Under Elizabeth I, what did Parliament pass that made England a Protestant nation?

the Act of Uniformity (1559)

Who did Elizabeth I pass laws against?

"recusants"

What, passed in 1563, defined the creed of the Church of England to have Protestant beliefs but Roman Catholic Church like in appearance?

the 39 Articles

Queen Elizabeth I's moderate religious settlements satisfied all but who?

the extremists (Puritans) and Roman Catholic Church

What absolved England of allegiance to Elizabeth I and labeled her a heretic?

Papal Bull of 1570

When Elizabeth I's closest heir (Catholic Mary Stuart) was implicated in a plot to kill her, what did Elizabeth do?

She had Mary Stuart executed, this affected a civil war.

Despite succession crisis and war with Spain, what did England emerge as during Elizabeth I's reign?

As intensely nationalistic

What did Queen Elizabeth I define an age of?

An age of colonial beginnings, naval victories, and unprecedented cultural achievements.

Impact of the Reformation and the Catholic Response

• Divided Europe: Protestantism in the North; Rome and Spain were the big dogs of the Catholic Counter Reformation
• Idea of Family: Luther said marriage is good, mother taught children how to read (literacy went up) and the printing press produced cheap books