IAPP 1 Exam Review P1 `(Prof Given)

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe

People with this disease do not have lungs that deflate like normal lungs, making breathing difficult

Bronchioles and (damaged) air sacs lose their elasticity and over-expand, leaving some air trapped in the lungs when exhaling.

In vitro

In vivio

4 Phases of Clinical Trials

Phases 1, 2, 3, 4

Phase 1

Testing in healthy individuals for drug effectivity

Phase 2

Human testing on target individuals (those the drug is intended to help)

Phase 3

Phase 4

Alport Syndrome

Genetic disorder of the collagen subunits

Results in damage to the kidneys’ glomeruli (one of the most common causes of kidney failure)

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

The collagen in the basement membranes of the glomeruli and the lungs is attacked by the person’s own antibodies

It leads to both kidney and lung diseases

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle

Striated

Contraction is consciously controlled

Cardiac (myocardial cells)

Short, branched, and interconnected to form a continuous fabric

Smooth

Digestive tracts, blood vessels, bronchioles and ducts of urinary and reproductive systems

Peristalsis

Peristalsis

A wavelike contraction of smooth muscle layers

4 Primary Types of Connective Tissue

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

Homeostasis

Balance

3 Components of Homeostasis

Receptor, control center, effector

Receptor

Control center

Effector

Positive feedback

Amplify a response

Positive feedback examples

Childbirth

Blood clotting

Negative feedback

Negative Feedback Examples

Blood glucose levels and insulin

Estrogen (from ovaries)

Induces oxytocin receptors on uterus

Oxytocin (from fetus and pituitary)

A hypothalamic hormone

Intensifies labor contractions during birth

Stimulates uterus to contract

Stimulates placenta to make prostaglandins

Prostaglandins

Stimulates more contractions of the uterus

4 Major Classes of Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

vital energy source (particularly through glucose) for the cell

Glucose, Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen

Starch

Type of bond between monomers: 1,4 glycosidic bond + 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond

Alpha glucose monomer

Branched molecule

Glycogen

Stored form of (alpha) glucose in humans and other vertebrates

Type of bond between monomers: 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Highly branched molecule usually stored in liver and muscle cells

Wheneber glucose levels decrease, __ is broken down to release glucose

Cellulose

Beta glucose monomer

Type of bond between monomers: 1,4 glycosidic bond

Linear molecule

Lipids

Primarily hydrocarbon chains and rings (nonpolar = hydrophobic)

Phospholipods, steroids, fats, ketone bodies

The lower the solubility in water

The longer the chain and the fewer the double bonds, __

Saturated fatty acids

__ with hydrogens

No double bonds

Butter

Unsaturated fatty acids

Contain double bonds

Oils

Triacylglycerols

Composed of (1) glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Advantage to using triacylglycerols (as stored fuels)

Lipids yield 2x more energy than carbohydrates

__ are hydrophobic compared to polysaccharides

Cholesterol

A steroid (has 4 fused carbon rings)

Mainly synthesized in the liver

Important component of cell membranes

The precursor for the steroidal molecules in our bodies, bile salts and vitamin D3

Proteins

Made up of amino acids

Enzymes

Changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals may lead to permanent changes in the shape, leading to a loss of function or denaturation

Peptide bond

A covalent bond that attaches each amino acid to another amino acid (amino group of one amino acid to the carbon of another)

Formed by a dehydration reaction

NCC Backbone

A central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom

4 Types of Protein Structures

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Primary Protein Structure

Basic sequence of amino acids

Secondary Protein Structure

Hydrogen bonds (alpha helix or beta pleated sheet)

Bc of folding patterns resulting from interactions between the non-R group (peptide backbone) portions of the amino acid

Tertiary Protein Structure

Polypeptide chains bend and fold (three-dimensional shapes - bc of interactions between R groups)

Quaternary Protein Structure

Two or more polypeptide subunits bonded together

5 Stages of Protein Synthesis

1. Activation of amino acids

2. Initiation

3. Elongation

4. Termination

5. 
   

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

DNA

Double helical structure - two strands

Genetic material found in all living organisms

RNA

Single stranded

Mostly involved in protein synthesis

Nucleotides

Nitrogenous base, Pentose sugar (5 carbon), phosphate group