STS - QUIZ

One Health-Human & Animal Environment

One Health Approach

• Concept created in 2004

• Design and implement programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes (WHO, 2017)

This are the main working organizations:

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

• and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

(SDG 3 - GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING) Health

• A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)

(SDG 3 - GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING) Wellbeing

• In contrast to states of human health, describes a situation in which people are free to choose to do and be what they value (Sen 1999)

• Good Health and Wellbeing co-determine each other (Gatzweiler et al., 2017)

Wellness

• holistic integration of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being

• fuels the body, engages the mind, and nurtures the spirit

Health hazards

• ____ are wellness risks which are usually expressed as probabilities/chances

• Probability of suffering harm from an agent that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.

Chemical hazards

• from harmful chemicals in air, water, soil, food, and human-made products

Natural hazards

• such as fire, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and storms.

Cultural hazards

• such as unsafe working conditions, unsafe highways, criminal assault, and poverty.

Lifestyle choices

• such as smoking, making poor food choices, drinking too much alcohol, and having unsafe sex.

Biological hazards

from more than 1,400 pathogens that can infect humans (pathogen is a biological agent that can cause disease in another organism)

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Parasites

• Protozoa

• Fungi

Zoonoses

• diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans (WHO, 2020)

Biological Hazards through Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases

• health risks through deep interconnections of human, animal and environmental health

• ~60% existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic

• ~75% of emerging infectious diseases (including Ebola, HIV, influenza, COVID19) have an animal origin

Infectious disease ( Human to another)

• when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues (e.g. Tuberculosis, flu, malaria, measles).

Bacteria ( Human to another)

• single-cell organisms that are found everywhere. Most are harmless or beneficial. A bacterial disease results from an infection as the bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body.

Viruses ( Human to another)

• smaller than bacteria and work by invading a cell and taking over its genetic machinery to copy themselves. They then multiply and spread throughout one’s body, causing a viral disease such as flu or AIDS.

Viral

• Systemic, meaning it spreads throughout the body.

• It is Contagious

• Can’t be treated with Antibiotics

• Ex: common colds, flu, chicken pox.

Bacterial

• Usually localized, meaning it stays in one part of your body such as ear or throat.

• Sometimes contagious.

• Treatable with antibiotics.

• Ex: Strep Throat, Pneumonia, Urinary Tract Infections.

Antibiotic Resistance:

Transmissible disease

• infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. “communicable”

Non-transmissible disease

• caused by an agent/event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another. “noncommunicable” (e.g. cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) diseases, most cancers, asthma, and diabetes)

Epidemic

• A large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area

Pandemic

• A global epidemic such as tuberculosis or AIDS

Disease Name: Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19

Virus taxonomy (name): Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2

Role of Thomasian Scientists in Providing Clarity on COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines

UST CoV-2 Model

• Epidemiological model that predicts the future behavior of a viral pandemic by examining how it has spread in the past.

• NCR - over a tenth of the country’s population live - by far, the epidemiological epicenter of the Philippine pandemic

Important aspect of animal health and welfare is the protection of biodiversity

• Variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for entire Earth.

• Used as a measure of the health of biological systems.

• Current biodiversity is the product of nearly 3.5 billion years of evolution

Levels of Biodiversity

• Ecosystem Diversity different habitats, niches, species interactions

• Species Diversity different kinds of organisms, relationships among species

• Genetic Diversity different genes and combination of genes in species

How much do we know about the world’s biodiversity

• Approximately 1.7-2 million species are named and discovered.

• Estimated total: 100 million species

• The majority are yet to be discovered

How did biodiversity emerge and where can we find them?

• Different physiochemical and climatic conditions brought about unique and diverse habitats.

• Diverse habitats drive evolution and contribute to species endemicity.

Importance of sustaining biodiversity

• Provides necessary ecosystem services to sustain human life and ecosystem balance.

• Ecosystem services include:

• Supporting

• Provisioning

• Cultural and Aesthetics

• Regulating

Threats to Biodiversity

• Anthropogenic impacts bring about population size reductions and species extinctions.

• Hunting and overharvesting

• Habitat loss

• Pollution

• Invasive Species

• Climate Change

Popular Native Plants Group Affected by the Covid-19 Pandemic Plant Craze

• Aroids

• Ferns

• Palms

• Carnivorous Plants

• Hoyas and allies

• Medinilla

• Some Native Trees

• Ant plants

Biodiversity Loss Consequences

• Nutrition and food production

• Health research and traditional medicine

• Emergence of infectious diseases

• Climate change

Animal Health and Diseases and Pandemics

Zoonotic diseases due to close contact with Wildlife:

• Rabies

• Salmonella infection

• West Nile virus infection

• Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

• Anthrax

• Brucellosis

• Lyme disease

• Ringworm

• Ebola

• COVID-19

The World Organisation for Animal Health

• formerly the Office International des Epizooties

• The organization ensures transparency in global animal disease situations, collects and disseminates veterinary information, promotes international solidarity, safeguards world trade, improves veterinary services, and ensures animal welfare through scientific evidence.

Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Programs

• Integrated Approach in the Management of Major Biodiversity Corridors in the Philippines

• Maintaining Ecosystem Flows, Mainstreaming Biodiversity and Restoring Degraded Forestlands and Enhancing Carbon Stocks through an Integrated Landscape Approach

• Capacity Building for the Ratification and Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing in the Philippines

• Combatting Environmental Organized Crime in the Philippines

• Carbon-Resilient, Low-Carbon and Sustainable Cities

Environment and One Health

Poor environmental quality has its greatest impact on people whose health status is already at risk.

• Lack of ”safe and livable space”.

• Poor air and water quality contributes to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, gastrointestinal problems, neurological problems, etc.

• Built environment affects lifestyle (transportation, parks, recreational areas) and primary society services (hospitals, schools, etc.)

Urbanization

• the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

• Poor business environment

• Weak infrastructure, land management and access to markets

• Low demand for innovation and skill match

• Limited access to finance and business support

• Insufficient economic planning

Resource Mismanagement

• Resource Mismanagement

• Energy poverty as the real energy crisis

• Land governance crisis leads to congestion in cities and ‘urban nightmare”

Climate Change

• used to describe the complex shifts now affecting the planet’s weather and climate systems - National Geographic

National Environmental Health Action Plan

Programs

• Drinking-water supply, Sanitation (e.g excreta, sewage and septage management)

• Zero Open Defecation Program (ZODP)

• Food Sanitation

• Air Pollution (indoor and ambient)

• Chemical Safety

• WASH in Emergency situations

• Climate Change for Health and Health Impact Assessment (HIA)