Mini Unit 1: Colonies/Independence Review

Britain’s biggest rival

France

Area of disagreement between GB and France

Ohio River Valley

Who did the colonists favor in the French and Indian War?

The British

Difference between New French colonies and British colonies

• French don’t have the desire to build town or raise families

• French are friendlier with the Natives, military alliances formed with them

What fort did the French build? Where?

Fort Duquesne at the Ohio River 

What was the problem with Fort Duquense?

The British had promised 200,000 acres of land to wealthy planters in that area

What did the Governor of Virginia do in response to Fort Duqunese?

He sent militia to evict the French

Who led the militia evicting the French?

George Washington

What was the outcome of the plan to evict the French?

George Washington had to surrender, this kick-starting the war

During the French and Indian War, what was the relationship between the 13 colonies?

• Distinct political entities

• In economic/territorial competition with each other

What did Ben Franklin propose during the Albany Congress?

He proposed a union

When/where did Ben Franklin propose the Albany Plan?

During the Albany Congress

What was the purpose of the union Ben Franklin proposed?

• Mutual defense

• Mediate territorial disputes between colonies

• Manage Indian relations

What system did the Albany Plan create?

A two branched federal system for colonial administration

T/F: The Albany Plan sought to weaken Britain’s control

False

Was the Albany Plan of Union successful?

No, it failed

What did the Albany Plan of Union foreshadow? (2 things)

Several important ideas that would reoccur 33 years later → The creation of the constitution

The idea the 13 colonies were a collective unit

What was Britain’s goal for the French and Indian War?

Drive French out of the Ohio River Valley

What fighting style surprised the British during the French and Indian War?

Guerrilla Warfare

Who joined forces with the British during the French and Indian War?

Iroquois

Who won the French and Indian War?

The British

Which treaty ended the French and Indian War?

Treaty of Paris 1763

Treaty of Paris 1763: Effects 

• Great Britain claimed all territory east of the Mississippi River

• Native Americans also lost: They now had to deal with the British instead of the French

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Pontiac led Native Americans to capture 8 British forts

• British brought small-pox infested blankets during peace negotiations 

• Proclamation of 1763 is established

Proclamation of 1763

Banned all colonial settlement past the Appalachian mountains

How did the colonists react to the Proclamation of 1763?

• Very upset

• Didn’t follow it 

• “You can’t stop us!”

What to do the British do in response to the Colonist’s response to the Proclamation Line?

They stationed troops to “protect” the colonists from the Native Americans and Former French Subjects

How do the colonists react to the British troops stationed to “protect” them?

They feel threatened, as they are used to salutary neglect and being basically ignored by the British

What to do the British do due to their debt from the French and Indian War?

They impose taxes on the colonies

Which country did the colonists use as their model for literature, government, and economy in the 18th century?

England

Magna Carta

• Promotion of the rights of people

• Introducing concept of power to the people

• Two-house legislature created (Inspiring to colonists)

English Bill of Rights

• Foundation to the American Bill of Rights

• Created checks and balances to the King’s power (Major idea for US constitution)

Salutary Neglect

England allowing the colonies local self rule in exchange of their economic compliance and assistance with Britain’s war

What was the purpose of England’s colonies?

To help England expand it’s wealth and power

Mercantilism

Economic policy that a nation or empire can build wealth and power by developing industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold and silver.

Encourages monarchs to minimize imports from rival empires

Custom duty

Tax on imported goods

Navigation Acts

• Only allowed English sailors on English ships to trade with colonies

• Valuable items from the colonies must be sent to England

• All European imports must be sent from an English port and custom duties must be paid

T/F: Colonists protested the Navigation Acts completely?

FALSE

Triangular Trade Route

Britain traded manufactured goods for enslaved Africans

Sold enslaved Africans to American colonies for raw materials

America used raw materials and the slave labor to create manufactured goods

How did the Enlightened ideas affect the American politics

Democratic ideas and using science to politics influenced the colonists

Great Awakening

• Religious revival

• Inspired the creation of new churches

• Acceptances of new churches led to more religious tolerance

• Influenced more democratic ideas in the colonies

• If colonists could choose the method of worship, why not choose government type

Stamp Act

Colonists had to buy stamped paper for all legal documents, licenses, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, and more. This affected every colonist.

Sons of Liberty

• A secret resistance group created to rebel against the Stamp Acts

• Samuel Adams as one of it’s founders

• Harassed customs workers and sometimes royal governors

Stamp Act Congress

• 9 delegates from 9 colonies met in New York City

• Resulted in issue of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances

• It said Parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on colonists since the colonists weren’t represented

• First time the colonies acted as one

Were the protests against the Stamp Act successful?

Yes and no. The American merchants refusing to import British goods worked to stop the Stamp Act, but resulted in the Declaratory Act.

Colonist’s reaction to the Townshend Acts

• Outraged by taxes imposted on their daily goods, especially tea

• Resistance, boycott, and protests

• “No Taxation without representation!”

Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770

• British troops are competition for jobs, irritating colonists

• Colonists were taunting and throwing snowballs at British troops

• Escalated to a British soldier firing their gun

• Portrayed as British fighting against helpless colonists

The buzzing communication network linking leaders in nearly all the colonies

The committees of correspondence 

Boston Tea Party

• British imposed the Tea Acts

• Allowed East India Company to sell tea without tax

• Greatly benefitted British East India Company at the expense

Who was the King of England at this time?

King George III

Intolerable Acts

• In response to the Boston Tea Party

• Shut down the Boston Harbor

• Allowed soldiers to quarter in private homes (Quartering Act)

• New governor of Massachusetts (Thomas Gage) → Boston under martial law

What did the First Continental Congress agree to do in response to the Intolerable Acts?

• Created a declaration of their rights

• Agreed each colony should run its own affairs

• Support Massachusetts’ protests

• Said they’d meet up again in May 1775 if their demands weren’t fufilled

Minutemen

Civilian soldiers who started stockpiling firearms and gunpowder

Why did General Gage March to Concord?

• To destroy an an ammunition site believed to be the minutemen’s stockpile of weapons

• “The Regulars are coming!”

What actions did the Second Continental Congress make in June 1775?

• Recognized the militia in Boston as the Continental Army

• Made George Washington it’s commander

• Allowed printing of money to fund the fight

• Organized a committee for foreign nations

What was the deadliest battle of the war?

The Battle of Bunker Hill

T/F: Most colonists let deep loyalty to George III and simply blamed his ministers for the problems

TRUE

Olive Branch Petition

• Colonists asked to return the relationship between Britain and the colonies to how it used to be

• The King rejected it; said colonies were in rebellion and ordered a naval blockade

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

• Encouraged colonists to declare themselves an independent republic

• Encouraged independence as the colonists desitny

• Free trade, society free

Declaration of Independence

• Written by Thomas Jefferson

• Declared  the American colonies independent from Britain

Loyalist

People who remained loyal to the British crown and didn’t want independence for the colonies

Patriot

People who fought for independence for the colonies

What two wars were the colonists plunged into after the Declaration of Independence

• Civil War between the Loyalists and Patriots

• War for independece

Sugar Act

• What it taxed:

• White sugar

• Molasses

• Indigo

• Coffee

• Wine (Except French)

• Silk

• Bengal

• Cloth

• And more

Quartering Act

• Made colonial governments responsible for taking care of the soldiers’ wellbeing

• Allowed soldiers to reside in private homes

Commander of the rebel army

George Washington

The greatest superpower at the time

Great Britain

According to the Declaration of Independence, where do people get their rights?

From their creator (God)

T/F Five of Great Britain’s ships carried more firepower than all of NYC

TRUE

The British Army was fighting for…

The King

The rebels were fighting for…

Their lives

How many times more combat experience did a Red Coat have against a Patriot

6 times more combat experience

How was the HMS Jersey?

• Nicknamed hell

• Thick and dirty air, dirty living area

• Most prisoners died (9/10)

What was Washington’s first defeat?

The Battle in New York

What was the objective of the Red Coats?

To kill of the revolution

General Burgoyne’s plan

• Travel from Canada  to Saratoga

• Join with the successful British colony in New York

• Separate New England

• Conquer the rest of the colonies

What was the Patriot fighting style?

Guerilla warfare (Patriots)

What do the Red Coats lose with the loss of their Native American scouts?

Their knowledge of the terrain

How did the Patriots break the rules of 18th century warfare at Saratoga

• Targeting British officers

• Leaving soldiers leaderless

What did the victory at Saratoga do for the colonists

• Convinces France to join the Americans

• British has to fight a two front war

Valley Forge Conditions

• Little to no protection from cold

• Very underequipped 

• Desolate

• No clothing

• No provisions

• Army grows sick (Small pox)

• Little clean water and lack of food

Who makes up majority of the Patriot troops?

Convincts, freed slaves, and immigrants

What does Von Stoeben do?

• Trains the American Army to take on the British

• Transforms them into clueless men into real soldiers

• Rebuilds kitchens, housing, and writes a training manuel

Which was the final battle of the War for Independence?

Battle of Yorktown

How many died in the battle for independence?

25,000

Why did few people think the rebellion would last?

The disunited small colonial population against a big superpower like Great Britain didn’t look great for a rebellion

Why did the war move to the middle states?

• British retreated from Boston

• Planned to take over New York to isolate New England

What happened in NY the summer of 1776?

• GB invaded NY with 32,000

• Washington outnumbered with his 23,000 inexperienced soldiers

• Washington pushed back to Pennsylvania

• Many territorial losses and deaths

Battle of Trenton

• Huge victory for America after loss in NY

• Followed up by another huge victory

• Encouraged American soldiers and Washington

Why was Saratoga a turning point?

• British changed strategies to keep troops close to the coast

• France began to support the American revolution

After the lose of Saratoga, what did the British change about their military strategy?

• They shifted focus to the south

• Wanted to get the support of the Loyalists and the neutrals

• Make their way back up to the North

Why did General Cornwallis move the fight to Virginia

To meet up with reinforcements

How did the French contribute to the Battle of Yorktown?

The plan of Frenchmen Lafayette and the French manpower/firepower assisted the Americans greatly

Which Americans participated in the Paris Peace talks?

John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay

What did the Americans demand at the Paris Peace talks?

For Britain to recognize American independence

What did the Treaty of Paris accomplish?

• Confirmed US independence

• Established US boundaries

What didn’t the Treaty of Paris accomplish

• Didn’t account for the Native Americans

• Didn’t specify when the British should evacuate the US

• America didn’t pay their debts back

Egalitarianism

The belief of equality of all people are equal

Why did egalitarianism rise?

There was a blur between rich and poor

Whom did egalitarianism apply to?

White men