AQA GCSE P.E (Paper 1)

Cranium

Flat bone that protects the skull

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone

Ligament

Attaches a bone to a bone

Flexion

Decrease in the size of the angle at a joint e.g. bicep curl

Extension

Increase in the size of the angle at a joint e.g. throwing a ball

Adduction

Movement of a body part towards the body e.g. forehand shot in tennis

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the body e.g. backhand shot in tennis

Hinge Joint

Examples include elbow and the knee. Flexion and extension can occur here.

Ball and socket joint

Examples include the hip and shoulder. Abduction, adduction and rotation can take place here.

Synovial Membrane

Produces synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

Provides lubrication at a joint

Dorsiflexion

Pointing the toes up at the ankle e.g. passing a ball in football.

Plantar flexion

Pointing the toes down at the ankle e.g. diving from a board

Rotation

Movement around an axis in a circular motion e.g. bowling in cricket.

Bursae

Sacks of fluid at a joint that reduce friction

Cartilage

Prevents friction/bones rubbing together, acts as a shock absorber to allow easier movement

Joint capsule

Encloses/supports the joint

Concentric Contraction

When the muscle contracts and shortens e.g. when when bending the elbow the biceps is the agonist

Isometric Contraction

When the muscle contracts but stays the same length e.g. tug of war, planking

Eccentric contraction

When the muscle lengthens (relaxes) e.g. when bending the elbow, the antagonist is the tricep which lengthens

Agonist (prime mover)

The prime mover or agonist is the muscle which initially contracts to start the movement e.g. biceps during a dumbbell curl.

Antagonist

The muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to take place e.g. triceps during a dumbbell curl.

Shape

Function of the skeleton that provides the body with structure. Short bones enable fine movement an long bones enable gross movements.

Protection

Function of the skeleton, flat bones protect the body e.g. cranium protects the brain.

Support

Function of the skeleton where muscles and bones are kept in place supported by the skeleton.

Mineral Storage

Function of the skeleton where the mineral calcium helps with bone formation.

Movement

Function of the skeleton where different types of joints allow different types of movement, muscles and bones work together to pull.

Blood production

Function of the skeleton where red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of long bones.

Talus

Found at the ankle

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Humerus

Long bone found in the arm

Femur and Tibia

Long bones found in the lower leg

Radius and ulna

Long bones found in the lower arm

Rib cage

Flat bone that protects vital organs such as the lungs, heart

Vertebrae

Protects the spinal cord

Patella

Knee cap

Pelvis

Flat bone at the hips

Sternum

Flat bone also know as the chest bone

Biceps and Triceps

Biceps are found on the front of the arm, triceps are found at the back of the arm. Used in movements such as throwing.

Hamstrings and Quadriceps

Hamstrings are found at the top back of the leg, quadriceps are found at the front of the thigh. Used in running and kicking.

Gastrocnemius

Also know as the calf muscle found at the back of the lower leg. Involved with movements at the ankle.

Tibialis Anterior

Found at the shin at the front of the lower leg.

Gluteals and Hip Flexors

Gluteals found at the bum, flexors found at the hips.

Latissimus Dorsi

Allows shoulder movement backwards, forwards, up and down. Found on the back.

Abdominals

Used to bend the trunk, important for core strength.

Pectorals

At the front of the upper chest, used in throwing actions such as the javelin.

What does SPORT stand for.

Specificity, Progressive Overload, Reversibility, Tedium

What does FITT stand for?

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type

Frequency

How often you train

Intensity

How hard you train

Time

How long you train for

Type

Which type of training you use

Reversibility Principle

The benefits of exercise and training are lost if injury or inactivity occur

progressive overload principle

training system that gradually increases the demand on the body

Tedium principle

Changing the type of training method to prevent boredom and add variety

Wall toss test

A test of coordination

Multi stage fitness test

A test of cardiovascular endurance

Stork balance test

A test of balance

Ruler drop test

A test of reaction time

One rep max test

A test of muscular strength

Hand grip dynamometer test

A test for strength

Sit up bleep test

A test of muscular endurance

Illinois agility test

A test of agility

Vertical Jump Test

A test of power

sit and reach test

A test of flexibility

30m sprint test

A test of speed

Tidal Volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Spirometer trace

measure lung volumes

Gaseous exchange

The process where oxygen is taken in from the air and exchanged for carbon dioxide

inspiration

breathing in

expiration

breathing out

intercostal muscles

muscles between the ribs

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

passage of air to lungs

mouth, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Heart Rate (HR)

number of heart beats per minute

cardiac output

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute. HR X SV

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

capilaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins

deoxygenated blood

blood that contains little oxygen

oxygenated blood

Blood rich in oxygen

cardiac cycle

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles

Pathway of blood through the heart

right atrium -> right ventricle ->

out of heart -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> out of heart

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels

vasoconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels

anaerobic exercise

intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

EPOC

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption; another term for oxygen debt

Oxygen Debt (EPOC)

the amount of oxygen required to restore muscle to its resting state after exercise

cool down

low-level activity that prepares your body to return to a resting state

warm up

an activity that prepares the muscles for work

Immediate effects of exercise

-hot/sweaty/red skin

-increase in depth and frequency of breathing

-increased heart rate.

hypertrophy

increase in muscle size

1st class lever

fulcrum in the middle