Apbio unit 7 natural Selection pt. 1 & 2 (at 37)

Biogeography

Rancho biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals

Evolutions

The process of how animals developed over time

Descent with modification

The idea that species change over time, give rest a new species and, share common ancestor

Natural selection

Organisms adapt environment to survive and produce more offspring

Fitness

An animal's ability to survive and reproduce

Competition

Fighting for resources

Biotic factors

Living things

Abiotic factors

Non Living things

Selective pressures

When a particular phenotype is more favorable and to environment

Adaptations

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance survival and production

Phenotype

Physical characteristics of genes

Genotype

Gene characteristics

Artificial selection

Human bred

Mutation

Change in the sequence

Population

The number of an organism in an area

Gene pool

Set of all genes in any population

Fixed

A chemical treatment of tissue or cells that results in preservation

Genetic drift

A change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

Bottleneck effect

Loss of genetic variation that occurs after outside forces destroy most of a population

Founder effect

Reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals become separated from a larger population

Gene flow

Any movement of individuals and genetic materials that carry from one population to another

Directional selection

Changing a phenotype or genotype of population in One direction away from average in a particular environment over time

Stabilizing selection

Form of natural selection where individuals is moderate or average phenotypes are more fit

Disruptive selection

Changes in population genetics in which extreme values of a favored over intermediate values

Sexual selection

natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with and compete with numbers at the same says for access to members of the opposite sex.

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A little genotype frequencies and population of women constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

Comparative morphology

The analysis of the patterns of the locus of structures within the body plan of an organism

Analogous structures

Body parts that are similar function but different structure

Embryonic homology

Those similarities that are seen prior to adulthood

Vestigial structure

Features that are considered to have lost much or all of their original function through evolution

Molecular homology

Similarities between species at a molecular level

Homologous structures

Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor but the features of completely different functions

Common ancestor

Ancestor that both lines lead back up to

Convergent evolution

One organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviors

Homology

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor

Fossil

remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.

Part 2

Node

the points at the ends of branches which represent sequences or hypothetical sequences at various points in evolutionary history.

Systemics

branch of biology that deals with the (study of) classification systems and nomenclature of organisms.

Monophyletic group

a group of organisms that share a common ancestor.

Signapomorphy

a character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form.

Taxonomy

the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms

Outgroup

a species or group of organisms that is used as a reference point when constructing a phylogenetic tree.

cladogram

a diagram that shows relationships between specie

Basal taxon

lineage, displayed using a phylogenetic tree, that evolved early from the root and from which no other branches have diverged.

Derived characteristic

trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants.

Paraphyletic group

group of any size and systematic rank that originated from a single common ancestor, but does not – as opposed to a monophyletic group – contain all descendants from this ancestor

Phylogenetics

study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.

Parsimony

the principle that, out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct

Phylogenetic tree

a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

Sister taxa

pairs of terminal taxa and/or clades that branch from a common node and are often considered closely related

Ancestral characteristic

if it is found in the ancestor of a group and all of the organisms in the taxon or clade have that trait

Polyphyletic group

An artificial group of organisms/taxa derived from two or more independent, distinct ancestral taxa

Root

The beginning