LING 1000 Midterm

Explicit statement of what speakers know about their language and the unit, structures and rules of mental grammar

descriptive grammar

Internalized unconscious set of rules

mental grammar

a set of rules to assist learning in a different dialect or second language

teaching grammar

an attempt to legislate what speakers grammatical rules should be

prescriptive grammar

thorough description of a language that helps establish grammatical facts

reference or scholarly grammar

is there the longest sentence

no

innate grammar properties that apply to all human language

universal grammar

study of speech sounds and rules for their combination and pronunciation

phonology

study of structure of words

morphology

rules of sentence formation

syntax

study of linguistic meanings of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences

semantics

linguistic competence is _______ and linguistic performance is _______

unconscious knowledge, behaviour

biological makeup designed for language acquisition and use

language faculty

slips of the hand occur in

sign language

relationship between the form of a word and the meaning of a word is

arbitrary

grammatical categories are found

in all languages

all languages come from one language

monogenetic theory of language origin

trappist monks after they take a vow of silence demonstrate the use of

linguistic competence and not performance

the tower of babel story is supported by

monogenetic theory of language origin

a free unit of sound the has a basic meaning is a

word

speakers knowledge of words

lexicon

words with same meaning but different sounds

synonyms

the spelling of words

orthography

classification of words into nouns, pronouns is referred to as the

grammatical category

at first dictionaries only covered _____ words and then developed to include _____

complex, common

content words refer to

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, objects, actions, attributes and ideas

function words have

grammatical purpose

bee, resolve and green are all

content words

the, in , mine is a

function word

closed class words are added to resulting in new words like download

false

smallest unit of linguistic meaning

morpheme

study of internal structure of words and of the rules by which are formed

morphology

discreteness is a fundamental property of human in which _____ linguistic units are perceived to be composed of _____ units

larger, smaller

T/F a free morpheme is a single unit of meaning that constitutes a word

true

a unit of meaning that needs to be attached to other units

bound morpheme

different words that sound the same but have different meaning

homophones

function words belong to a system of

closed class words

morphemes that creates new words with new meanings

derivational morpheme

new words are invented and then become part of the speaker's mental dictionary

word coinage

a word composed of the initials of several words

acronym

morphemes that never change the grammatical category of the words that they are attached to

inflectional morphemes

the past tense of go (went) represents

suppletive form of an inflectional morpheme

addition of sufficient (-ish) to create new words

rule prodctivity

new words that are created when the affix from an older word is deleted

back formations

abbreviations, the shortened form of a word is also called

clipping

a compound word is made up of a preposition and one other word and the grammatical category of the newly formed word is determined by

other word

a word, phrase of sentence that has more than one possible meaning

ambiguity

is grouping and subgrouping of the parts of a sentence into syntactic categories

hierarchical structure

a tree diagram is also called

phrase structure tree

an adverb has what ending commonly

-ly

what specifies a timeframe for the sentence and therefore occur with the main verb

aux verbs

example of an aux verb

have

an adverb qualifies the _________

adjective

the conditions inherent in a word which determine what may or may not follow it when that word is the head of the phrase

selection

nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called

lexical categories

determiners, auxs, complementizers, prepositions are

functional categories

what is a sentence that occurs within a sentence

embedded sentence

rules are the principles of grammar that specify word order

phrase structure

the underlying structure of grammar

deep structure

the structure of grammar after transformational rules are applies

surface structure

what is one of the parameters that language differ on

word order

does sign language have rules of syntax

yes

what introduces an embedded sentence

complementizer (that)

what is a structure that joins two units of the same syntactic category

coordinate structure

what is an example of a coordinate structure

the cat and the dog

surface structure is the structure of grammar ____ transformational rules are applied

after

system of signs, rules and patterns

language

indicator of something else (not random signs)

non-arbitrary

is language arbitrary

yes

sounds of words that imitate sounds of nature and differ between languages

onomatopoeic words

ability to string words according to a specific pattern intuitively

grammatical competence

capability to talk about things not present but are distant in space and time

displacement

languages that follow rules from specific region

dialect

language existed in paradise and with time impurities became corrupt and illogical

divine origin

language all humans spoke same language and God punished for pride and turned language into unintelligible language

old testament

allah is pure form of arabic and the other varieties seen as human weakness

muslim idea of language

pairing a sound (form) with a concept (meaning)

language

what you know unconsciously to produce sentences

linguistic competence

how you use knowledge in speech production and comprehension that leads to behaviour

linguistic performance

word of a word is given a parallel to learn

gloss

to discover the nature of universal grammar

linguistic theory

belief all languages originated from single source

monogenetic theory of language origin

first written records of language was found are _____ old

6000 years

adding -ly makes an adjective to

adverb

2 words with one meaning

compound word

multiple meanings of a word

polysemy

new words are added

open class content words

words that aren't added to

closed class functional words

what is a dictionary usually

prescriptive

what are two types of nouns

abstract and concrete

nouns that can't be pluralized

abstract nouns

nouns that can be pluralized

concrete

examples of auxiliary verbs

denote mood of ver (d0, have, be, may)

morphemes that can stand alone and can't be broken (boy, desire)

free morhpemes

don't have meaning on their own but need to attach to other roots (un, -ish)

bound morpheme

added morpheme to inside the word

infixes

added morpheme at the beginning and end

circumfixes

root + affix=

stem

morphemes in other language before English

etymemes

a word with one morpheme

monomorphemic