last minute mcat brain dump

what is complex I of ETC called/function

Complex 1: NADH-ubiquinone oxioreductase

Complex 2: Succinate Dehydrogenase

Q: Ubiquinone (oxidized) receives e- and transfers to III (ubiquinol) formed

Complex 3: Ubiquinol Cyt C oxioreductase

Complex 4: Cytochrome c oxidase

Complex 5: ATP synthase

what effect does 2,3-bpg have on hemoglobin

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) stabilizes low affinity T state; HbF don’t have this so they have higher affinity to make sure the oxygen gets to their circulation and the mother doesn’t use it all

real image is always ___

inverted & positive

virtual image is always ____

upright & negative

If you have multiple lenses you’re looking through, ____ the magnification of the lenses to get total magnification

multiply

If you have multiple lenses you’re looking through, ____ the power of each lens to get the total power

add

in converging system, the image will be virtual if ____

object is between focal point and lens/mirror

in converging system, the image will be real if ____

object is further from focal point

in diverging system, the image is always ___

virtual (upright)i

farsightedness is fixed with a ___

convex lens

near sightedness is fixed with a ___

concave lens

how to recognize flavin?

3 rings

succinate —> fumarate —> malate —> oxaloacetate: what are the changes?

2 carboxylic acids —> alkene —> alpha-hydroxyl —> 3 carbonyls

A/D/E/K: how to identify structure

1 ring, 3 ring, cyclic ether, quinone

Phospholipid components:

Glycerol + 2 FAs + Phosphate

identify guanine

carbonyl on top, 3 H-bond sites, 5 carbons amongst the two rings

identify adenine

no carbonyl on top, 2 H-bond sites, 5 carbons amongst the two rings

identify cytosine

only 1 carbonyl on side, 3 H-bonds, 4 carbons in ring

identify thymine

two carbonyls, 1 methyl, 2 H-bonds, 4 carbons in ring

identify uracil

two carbonyl, no methyl, 2 H-bonds, 4 carbons in ring

ordered vs ping pong mechanism

ordered = ternary complex formed (A bind then B bind)

ping pong = A bind —> changes conformation —> B bind; A&B ARE NEVER BOUND AT THE SAME TIME

enzymes that are hydrolases that you wouldn’t expect

Lysozymes, Phosphatases, Proteases, Nucleases, saccharidase, lipase

formula to find velocity of a reaction at a given substrate concentration:

𝐕 = 𝐕𝐦𝐚𝐱[𝐒] / 𝐊𝐦 + [𝐒]

Kcat formula

kcat = Vmax / [E]

reaction efficiency formula

efficieny = Kcat / Km

PCC/Mg/Cr are ____ agents

oxidizing, Mg/Cr are verryyyy strong (like primary alch to carboxylic acid types)

LiAl4 (stronger than NaBH4) will reduce a carboxylic acid to a ___

primary alch

aldehyde/ketone + primary vs secondary amine will make ___

imine, enamine

an alpha hydrogen is weakly ___ (acidic or basic)

acidic

ketone/aldehyde + base —> _____ + base —> _____ and then reverse is also true (aldol and retro aldol)

addition product, condensation product (with DB)

if it’s carboxylic acid with just PBr, ___ will form but if with PBr and Br2, ____ will form

acid halide, alpha halide carboxylic acid

triglyceride/glycosidic/peptide formation is ___ and breakdown is ___

condensation, hydrolysis

phosphodiester bond is ___ attacking ___

3’ O attacking 5’ P

DCC converts ___ to ___

chain to ring

all derivatives of carboxylic acid can go back to carboxylic acid with addition of ___

acid + water

how do you make acid halide, anhydride, thioester, ester, amide

SOCl2/PBr, acid halide, thiol, alcohol, primary/secondary alcohol + DCC

steps of hearing

Pinna → tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → oval window → cochlea → basilar membrane → hair cells → spiral ganglion → CN VIII → auditory cortexs

steps of olfaction

chemoreceptor —> GPCR —> andenyl cyclase —> ion channel —> cribiform plate —> olfactory bulb (which has glomerulus) —> mitral cells —> olfactory cortex

vestibular pathway

→ tip links become more taut
→ mechanically gated K⁺ channels open
→ K⁺ enters → depolarization
→ Ca²⁺ enters → neurotransmitter release

ganglion

brain

otholitic (utricle and saccule) have ___ which is for ___

calcium carbonate crystals, linear acceleration and gravity

stomach enzymes

g cell —> gastrin —> parietal cell —> HCl

cheif cells —> pepsinogen

pepsinogen + HCl = pepsin

exocrine releases into ___ and endocrine releases into

duct, blood

lipoprotein lipase function ____ hormone sensitive lipase function ____

LPL takes fats (VLDL and chylomicron) out of the blood to store them or use them

HSL breaks down stored fat inside fat cells to release energy when the body needs

zero first second order graphs into linear

[A], ln[A], 1/[A]