SOCIAL SCIENCE MEET 2

What is Social Learning Theory

Learning through observation and imitation

Who developed Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura

What does Social Learning Theory claim about learning

People can learn merely by observing others

What earlier belief did Social Learning Theory challenge

Learning occurs only through reinforcement and punishment

Which perspective explains learning by watching and copying others

Social Learning Theory

A child learns how to greet adults after watching parents do it. Which theory explains this

Social Learning Theory

What is observational learning

Learning by observing others

Does observational learning require direct personal experience

No

What can people acquire through observational learning

Behaviors attitudes and emotional reactions

Can fictional characters serve as models for observational learning

Yes

A teenager learns a new dance by watching a video. What process is shown

Observational learning

A child develops a fear after repeatedly watching another person react fearfully. What process is shown

Observational learning

What is vicarious reinforcement

Increasing a behavior after seeing another person rewarded for it

What is observed during vicarious reinforcement

The consequences experienced by another person

A student studies harder after seeing a classmate praised for high grades. What concept is shown

Vicarious reinforcement

A worker begins arriving early after seeing another employee rewarded for punctuality. What concept is shown

Vicarious reinforcement

What is modeling

Imitating the behavior of others

Which people are more likely to be imitated as models

People seen as similar credible or authoritative

A child copies the behavior of a respected teacher. What process is shown

Modeling

A student imitates a classmate because the classmate seems similar and successful. What concept is shown

Modeling

What is self-efficacy

Belief that one can successfully perform a task

What does self-efficacy reflect

Belief in one's capability to control actions or events

What abilities support self-efficacy according to the reviewer

Cognitive abilities motivation and resources

A student believes they can master a difficult lesson with enough effort. What concept is shown

Self-efficacy

A person avoids trying a task because they believe they cannot succeed. What concept is likely low

Self-efficacy

What simple phrase represents observational learning

I watched and learned

What simple phrase represents vicarious reinforcement

I watched someone get rewarded so I want to do it too

What simple phrase represents modeling

Copying the behavior

What simple phrase represents self-efficacy

Confidence that you can succeed

Who conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment

Albert Bandura

What did children observe in the Bobo Doll Experiment

An adult behaving aggressively or calmly toward the doll

What aggressive actions were shown toward the Bobo doll

Hitting kicking and shouting

What happened after children observed the adult in the Bobo Doll Experiment

They were allowed to play with the same toys

What major conclusion came from the Bobo Doll Experiment

Children can learn behavior by watching others

Which experiment strongly supports observational learning

Bobo Doll Experiment

A child becomes aggressive after watching an adult attack a toy. Which experiment does this resemble

Bobo Doll Experiment

How is learning described in Social Learning Theory

A cognitive process occurring in a social setting

Can learning occur by observing consequences of behavior

Yes

Can learning occur without an observable behavioral change

Yes

Why might learning occur without visible behavior

A person may learn something without displaying it

A student understands a procedure after observing it but does not perform it immediately. Has learning possibly occurred

Yes

What key idea separates Social Learning Theory from strict behaviorism

Learning can occur through observation without direct reinforcement

What is the main difference between observational learning and modeling

Observational learning is acquiring information while modeling is copying behavior

What is the main difference between modeling and vicarious reinforcement

Modeling involves imitation while vicarious reinforcement involves responding to another person's reward

What is the main difference between self-efficacy and modeling

Self-efficacy is belief in ability while modeling is imitation

What is cognitivism

A perspective focused on internal mental processes in learning

How does cognitivism explain learning

The brain receives information organizes it and gives it meaning

Who are the major figures listed under cognitivism

Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky and Lawrence Kohlberg

What does cognitivism focus on

Mental processes

What does cognitivism emphasize as shaping behavior and learning

Internal mental structures and representations

A researcher studies how information is organized and interpreted in the mind. Which perspective fits best

Cognitivism

Which school focuses on thinking remembering learning and decision-making

Cognitivism

Why did cognitivism develop according to the reviewer

Behaviorism ignored how thoughts and thinking affect behavior

What theory explains how children's thinking changes as they grow

Cognitive Development Theory

Who developed Cognitive Development Theory

Jean Piaget

What key idea does Piaget reject about children

Children think like small adults

How does children's understanding change according to Piaget

It changes with development and experience

What role do children have in Piaget's theory

They actively construct their understanding of the world

How does Piaget describe cognitive development

Progress through distinct stages

What differs across Piaget's cognitive stages

Cognitive abilities and limitations

How many major cognitive stages are described by Piaget

Four

What is the first stage of Piaget's cognitive development

Sensorimotor stage

What is the age range of the sensorimotor stage

Birth to 2 years

How do infants mainly learn during the sensorimotor stage

Through senses and actions

What two key concepts are listed under the sensorimotor stage

Object permanence and causality

What is object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist when unseen or unheard

An infant searches for a toy hidden under a blanket. What concept is shown

Object permanence

An infant no longer acts as if a hidden toy has vanished. What concept has developed

Object permanence

What is causality in the sensorimotor stage

Recognizing cause-and-effect relationships between events or actions

An infant learns that shaking a toy produces sound. What concept is shown

Causality

An infant repeats an action because it consistently causes a result. Which sensorimotor concept is demonstrated

Causality

What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive development

Preoperational stage

What is the age range of the preoperational stage

2 to 7 years

What major abilities develop during the preoperational stage

Language and symbolic thinking

What major limitation remains during the preoperational stage

Difficulty with logic

What is symbolic thinking

Using mental representations such as words and imagination

Which stage is strongly associated with language and imagination

Preoperational stage

What is egocentrism

Difficulty seeing another person's perspective

What phrase summarizes egocentrism

I only see my side

A child assumes everyone knows what they know. What concept is shown

Egocentrism

A child cannot understand how a situation looks from another person's viewpoint. What Piaget concept is shown

Egocentrism

What is irreversibility

Inability to mentally reverse a series of steps or thoughts

What phrase summarizes irreversibility

I cannot undo it in my mind

A child cannot imagine reversing the steps of an action. What concept is shown

Irreversibility

A child understands that clay changed shape but cannot mentally picture the transformation backward. What concept is shown

Irreversibility

What is animism

Attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects

What phrase summarizes animism

Things are alive

A child says the sun is following them because it wants company. What concept is shown

Animism

A child believes a toy feels sad when left alone. What concept is shown

Animism

What is artificialism

Belief that natural phenomena are created by humans or an external force

What phrase summarizes artificialism

Someone made nature

A child says mountains were built by people. What concept is shown

Artificialism

A child believes someone intentionally made the rain. What concept is shown

Artificialism

What is transductive reasoning

Drawing conclusions from superficial similarities rather than logic

What phrase summarizes transductive reasoning

I connect unrelated things

A child thinks getting sick happened because they disobeyed earlier. What type of reasoning is shown

Transductive reasoning

A child links two unrelated events merely because they happened close together. What concept is shown

Transductive reasoning

Which Piaget concept involves inability to see another viewpoint

Egocentrism

Which Piaget concept involves inability to mentally reverse steps

Irreversibility

Which Piaget concept makes objects seem alive

Animism