Learn: Biology 1010- Test 1

Organism

Any living thing

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that forms all chemical substances.

Element

A specific type of atom that cannot be further broken down by chemical reactions.

Compound

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined at a fixed ratio.

Essential Elements

Elements required for life, where Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen make up 96% of living matter.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus.

Neutron

A neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus.

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle found in orbitals.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of subatomic particles.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost electron shell that determine the chemical behavior of an atom.

Octet Rule

The principle that atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to fill their valence shell with eight electrons.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond between two nonmetals where atoms share at least one pair of electrons.

Ionic Bond

A bond that occurs when a cation binds to an anion by electrostatic attraction.

Hydrogen Bond

An individually weak bond that can form and break easily, but is strong collectively.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers.

Dehydration Synthesis

A reaction that creates a bond between monomers through the loss of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

A reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by using a water molecule.

Glycosidic Bond

A covalent bond connecting monosaccharides in carbohydrates.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with only single carbon-carbon bonds, tending to be solid at room temperature.

Phospholipids

Lipids with a polar phosphate head and nonpolar fatty acid tails, forming cellular barriers.

Peptide Bond

A special covalent bond joining amino acids together to form polypeptides.

Nucleotide

The monomer of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Carbon Skeletons

Chains or rings formed when carbon atoms form covalent bonds with each other.

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen, known for being hydrophobic.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in straight chains.

Cis-trans Isomers

Isomers that have the same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements.

Functional Groups

Components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions, giving unique properties.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

An organic phosphate consisting of adenosine attached to three phosphate groups to store and release energy.

Reductionism

Reducing complex systems into simpler components that are easier to study and understand.

Emergent Properties

New properties that arise at each higher level of organization due to the arrangement and interactions of parts.

Gene Expression

The process of converting the code of DNA into a protein via transcription and translation.

Negative Feedback

A regulatory mechanism in which the product of a process turns off or reduces more of its production.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed by researchers in a controlled experiment.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning that works from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.

Lipids

fats, steroids, waxes

Lipids are made up of

triglycerides, formed by 3 fatty acids bonding to a glycerol backbone

hydrophilic

Attracted to water

hydrophobic

water repellent

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

heat of evaporation

energy for water to boil

heat of fusion

energy to melt

sublimation

A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

to fill its octet rule, _____ has to form 4 covalent bonds

carbon

carbon skeleton

when carbon forms a covalent bond with other carbon atoms

oxygen and nitrogen are _ bonds

polar

hydrogen is a _ bond

nonpolar

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen; are very hydrophobic

Saturated

only single bonds between carbon atoms; straight chains

unsaturated

at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms; crooked chains

cis isomers

The 2 Xs are on the same side.

trans isomers

the two x's are on opposite sides

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

everything in the body is controlled by:

enzymes

ATP stores the potential to:_; which releases energy

hydrolysis

proteins

Chains of amino acids; speeds up chemical reactions

form is:

function

What is a carboxyl group?

A functional group present in organic acids.

What atoms make up a carboxyl group?

A single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

What is a hydroxyl group?

A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond.

What type of molecules possess a hydroxyl group?

Molecules possessing a hydroxyl group are called alcohols.

Are molecules with a hydroxyl group soluble in water?

Yes, molecules with a hydroxyl group are soluble in water.

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins