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small group communication
interactions of three or more people connected through common purpose, mutual influence, and shared identity
interdependence
small groups share a common purpose and common fate
task oriented groups
type of small group: solve a problem, promote a cause, or generate ideas or information
Three main types of tasks
production, discussion, and problem solving skill
relational-oriented groups
formed to promote interpersonal connections and are more focused on quality interactions that contribute to the well-being of group members
Primary groups are
long lasting groups based on relationships and include others (family)
secondary groups
less frequent face to face interaction , less emotional and more task-related conversations
synergy
the power that results from the combination of two or more forces
-potential for gains in performance or heightened quality of interaction
social loafing
contribute less than they would if they were working alone and not in a group
what are the stages of development
forming, storming, norming, and performing
forming stage
- members come together and get to know one another
- process of determining goals for the group and social norms
- group cohesion beings to form
storming stage
the second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict
- people are not satisfied with role
Norming Stage of Group Development
the practices and expectations of the group are solidified, which leads to more stability, productivity, and cohesion within the group
- group norms become routine
Performing Stage of Group Development
fourth stage; productive and focused on achieving goals
- group members are comfortable with one another
What are the three main types of conflict
task, process, and relationship conflict
what is task conflict
group members have different ideas about how to accomplish a task
what is process conflict
group members have different opinions about how the group should operate
what is relationship conflict
group members have personal disagreements that are not related to the groups tasks or processes
strategy to manage conflict
encourage: share their ideas, active listening
task cohesion
commitment of group members to the purpose and activities of the group
social cohesion
attraction and liking among group members
Group socialization
process of teaching and learning the norms, rules, and expectations associated with group interactions
Socialization
guide group members involvement the group, created a shared social reality
technical knowledge
focuses on skills and information needed to complete a task , can easily passed along trainings
social knowledge
behavioral norms that guide interaction
procedural conflict
emerges from disagreements or trouble with the mechanics of group operations
substantive conflict
focuses on differing beliefs, attitudes, values, or ideas related to the purpose or task of the group and open discussion and debate are necessary to prevent groupthink
interpersonal conflict
conflict emerges from conflict between individual members of the group, perhaps focusing on personal differences and passive-aggressive behavior is a sign of building conflict
task leader
responsible for helping the group complete its task by providing guidance, problem-solving
expediter
task related role that functions to keep the group on track by managing the agenda, setting and assessing goals
information provider
includes behaviors that are more evenly shared than in other roles, as ideally, all group members present new ideas, initiate discussions of new topics, and contribute their own relevant knowledge and experiences.
information seeker
asks for more information, elaboration or clarification on items relevant to the groups tasks
gatekeeper
manages flow of conversation in a group to achieve an appropriate balance so all group members get to participate in a meaningful way
recorder
takes notes on the discussion and activates that
social-emotional leader
performs maintenance roles, supports task leader, analyzes group dynamics, and instates appropriate role behaviors to maintain a positive climate
supporter
communicates with group members one-on-one, use empathetic listening skills
tension releaser
uses humor and sensitivity to manage the frustration level of the group and release tension
harmonizer
manages group conflict by intervening before it escalates, rephrasing critiques constructively
interpreter
manages diversity within the group by mediating intercultural conflict and articulating common group
stage hig
one-upping and narcissistic listening
egghead
monopolizes the discussion with excessive contributions based on actual knowledge
two types of egg head
egghead one; naively believe that other group members care as much about the subject as they do
egghead two; flaunt their intellectual superiority
nominal group technique
a decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group
minority rule
a decision-making process in which a designated authority has final say, can be time saving
consensus rule
A decision-making technique in which all members of the group must agree on the same decision.
demographic
broad sociocultural categories; age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, education level, religion, ethnicity
captive audience
an audience that has been forced to be in attendance
general purpose
inform, persuade, and entertain
specific purpose
a one-sentence statement that includes the objective you want to accomplish in your speech
- audience centered
thesis statement
one sentence summary of the central idea of your speech that you either defend or explain
periodicals
magazines and journals that are published periodically also library databases
parallel wording
similar wording among key organizing signposts and main points that helps structure a speech
topical pattern
Breaks a topic down into logical divisions or subcategories. Main points can be grouped into three and the order can be determined based on primacy or recency effect.
primacy effect
present your best information first inorder to make a positive impression and engage your audience early in your speech
rendency effect
audience will best remember the information they heard most recently.
chronological pattern
Helps structure a speech based on time or sequence. Useful for speeches related to history or demonstration speeches.
spatial pattern
Presents a problem and offers a solution. Useful for persuasive speeches focused on a current societal issue. Can be organized easily into two or three main points.
cause and effect
Sets up a relationship between ideas that shows a progression from origin to result. Useful for informative or persuasive speeches. When used for persuading, often paired with a proposed solution or call to action.
MMS 5
1. attention
2. need
3. satisfaction
4. visualization
5. action
MMS: attention
To get the audience to listen. Draws attention to subject.
MMS: Need
sets up a problem and shows that there is a need for the topic to be addressed, citing credible research.
MMS: satisfaction
presents a solution to the problem, proposing a reasonable solution found in research or your own.
MMS: Visualization
positive and/or negative motivation to support the relationship between the need and proposed solution, asking the audience to visualize potential consequences.
MMS: Action
includes a call to action that provides concrete and specific steps an audience can take, facilitating the call to action to make it easy for the audience to complete.
Signposts
in speeches are statements that help audience members navigate the turns of your speech
attention grabbers
humor
statistic
quotation
ask a question
tell a story
communication apprehension
the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others
systematic desensitization
we become less anxious about something when we are exposed to it more often
Cognitive restructuring
involves changing the way we think about public speaking anxiety by realizing that many of our fears are irrational.
Communication-orientation modification therapy (COM therapy)
encourages viewing public speaking as a conversation rather than a performance.
Positive visualization
involves relaxation exercises and imagining giving a successful speech before the actual speech.
Skills training
focuses on learning specific speaking behaviors related to any part of the speech-making process, targeting specific areas for improvement, and using feedback and self-evaluation to set and achieve goals.
manuscript delivery
a delivery style in which a speaker writes the speech in its entirety and then reads it word for word
memorized delivery
a delivery style in which a speaker memorizes a speech in its entirety from a word-for-word script
extemporaneous delivery
a delivery style in which the speaker carefully prepares the speech in advance but delivers it using only a few notes and with a high degree of spontaneity
rate
how fast or slow you speak
Volume
loudness or softness of your voice
smaller room= use a volume a little louder than normal conversation
larger room= project your voice
pitch
high or low a speakers voice is, to covey enthusiasm and emphasize important points in a speech
lowering pitch
signal transitions or the end of a speech
fluency
flow of speaking; not many interruptions
fluency hiccups
unintended pauses in a speech that usually result from forgetting what you were saying or being distracted
informative speaking
teach an audience something using objective, factual information
informing through definition
1. synonyms or antonyms to covey meaning
2. identify the use or function of an object or idea
3. use examples that are representative of a large concept , such as in movies
informing through description
creating verbal pictures for your audience. looked like, smelled like, sounded like
informing through demonstration
a speaker gives verbal directions about how to do something while also physically demonstrating the steps
what are the three main learning styles
visual, auditory, kinesthetic
five canons or rhetoric
invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery
invention
refers to the use of evidence and arguments to think about things in new ways and is the most studied of the fivecanons.
arrangement
refers to the organization of speech
style
refers to the use of language
delivery
refers to the vocal and physical characteristics of a speaker.
memory
refers to the techniques employed by speakers of that era to retain and then repeat large amounts of information
intrapersonal communication
communicating with oneself through internal vocalization or reflective thinking triggered by internal or external stimuli, which occurs exclusively within an individual's mind.
interpersonal communication
communication between two people that affects their mutual relationships
participants
The senders and/or receivers of messages in a communication encounter.
message
is the verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver
encoding
turning thoughts into communication
decoding
turning communication into thoughts
channel
encoded messages are sent through this to travel to the receiver for decoding
Transmission Model of Communication
Describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver.