SCOM 123 final jmu

small group communication

interactions of three or more people connected through common purpose, mutual influence, and shared identity

interdependence

small groups share a common purpose and common fate

task oriented groups

type of small group: solve a problem, promote a cause, or generate ideas or information

Three main types of tasks

production, discussion, and problem solving skill

relational-oriented groups

formed to promote interpersonal connections and are more focused on quality interactions that contribute to the well-being of group members

Primary groups are

long lasting groups based on relationships and include others (family)

secondary groups

less frequent face to face interaction , less emotional and more task-related conversations

synergy

the power that results from the combination of two or more forces

-potential for gains in performance or heightened quality of interaction

social loafing

contribute less than they would if they were working alone and not in a group

what are the stages of development

forming, storming, norming, and performing

forming stage

- members come together and get to know one another
- process of determining goals for the group and social norms
- group cohesion beings to form

storming stage

the second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict

- people are not satisfied with role

Norming Stage of Group Development

the practices and expectations of the group are solidified, which leads to more stability, productivity, and cohesion within the group

- group norms become routine

Performing Stage of Group Development

fourth stage; productive and focused on achieving goals

- group members are comfortable with one another

What are the three main types of conflict

task, process, and relationship conflict

what is task conflict

group members have different ideas about how to accomplish a task

what is process conflict

group members have different opinions about how the group should operate

what is relationship conflict

group members have personal disagreements that are not related to the groups tasks or processes

strategy to manage conflict

encourage: share their ideas, active listening

task cohesion

commitment of group members to the purpose and activities of the group

social cohesion

attraction and liking among group members

Group socialization

process of teaching and learning the norms, rules, and expectations associated with group interactions

Socialization

guide group members involvement the group, created a shared social reality

technical knowledge

focuses on skills and information needed to complete a task , can easily passed along trainings

social knowledge

behavioral norms that guide interaction

procedural conflict

emerges from disagreements or trouble with the mechanics of group operations

substantive conflict

focuses on differing beliefs, attitudes, values, or ideas related to the purpose or task of the group and open discussion and debate are necessary to prevent groupthink

interpersonal conflict

conflict emerges from conflict between individual members of the group, perhaps focusing on personal differences and passive-aggressive behavior is a sign of building conflict

task leader

responsible for helping the group complete its task by providing guidance, problem-solving

expediter

task related role that functions to keep the group on track by managing the agenda, setting and assessing goals

information provider

includes behaviors that are more evenly shared than in other roles, as ideally, all group members present new ideas, initiate discussions of new topics, and contribute their own relevant knowledge and experiences.

information seeker

asks for more information, elaboration or clarification on items relevant to the groups tasks

gatekeeper

manages flow of conversation in a group to achieve an appropriate balance so all group members get to participate in a meaningful way

recorder

takes notes on the discussion and activates that

social-emotional leader

performs maintenance roles, supports task leader, analyzes group dynamics, and instates appropriate role behaviors to maintain a positive climate

supporter

communicates with group members one-on-one, use empathetic listening skills

tension releaser

uses humor and sensitivity to manage the frustration level of the group and release tension

harmonizer

manages group conflict by intervening before it escalates, rephrasing critiques constructively

interpreter

manages diversity within the group by mediating intercultural conflict and articulating common group

stage hig

one-upping and narcissistic listening

egghead

monopolizes the discussion with excessive contributions based on actual knowledge

two types of egg head

egghead one; naively believe that other group members care as much about the subject as they do

egghead two; flaunt their intellectual superiority

nominal group technique

a decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group

minority rule

a decision-making process in which a designated authority has final say, can be time saving

consensus rule

A decision-making technique in which all members of the group must agree on the same decision.

demographic

broad sociocultural categories; age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, education level, religion, ethnicity

captive audience

an audience that has been forced to be in attendance

general purpose

inform, persuade, and entertain

specific purpose

a one-sentence statement that includes the objective you want to accomplish in your speech

- audience centered

thesis statement

one sentence summary of the central idea of your speech that you either defend or explain

periodicals

magazines and journals that are published periodically also library databases

parallel wording

similar wording among key organizing signposts and main points that helps structure a speech

topical pattern

Breaks a topic down into logical divisions or subcategories. Main points can be grouped into three and the order can be determined based on primacy or recency effect.

primacy effect

present your best information first inorder to make a positive impression and engage your audience early in your speech

rendency effect

audience will best remember the information they heard most recently.

chronological pattern

Helps structure a speech based on time or sequence. Useful for speeches related to history or demonstration speeches.

spatial pattern

Presents a problem and offers a solution. Useful for persuasive speeches focused on a current societal issue. Can be organized easily into two or three main points.

cause and effect

Sets up a relationship between ideas that shows a progression from origin to result. Useful for informative or persuasive speeches. When used for persuading, often paired with a proposed solution or call to action.

MMS 5

1. attention
2. need
3. satisfaction
4. visualization
5. action

MMS: attention

To get the audience to listen. Draws attention to subject.

MMS: Need

sets up a problem and shows that there is a need for the topic to be addressed, citing credible research.

MMS: satisfaction

presents a solution to the problem, proposing a reasonable solution found in research or your own.

MMS: Visualization

positive and/or negative motivation to support the relationship between the need and proposed solution, asking the audience to visualize potential consequences.

MMS: Action

includes a call to action that provides concrete and specific steps an audience can take, facilitating the call to action to make it easy for the audience to complete.

Signposts

in speeches are statements that help audience members navigate the turns of your speech

attention grabbers

humor
statistic
quotation
ask a question
tell a story

communication apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

systematic desensitization

we become less anxious about something when we are exposed to it more often

Cognitive restructuring

involves changing the way we think about public speaking anxiety by realizing that many of our fears are irrational.

Communication-orientation modification therapy (COM therapy)

encourages viewing public speaking as a conversation rather than a performance.

Positive visualization

involves relaxation exercises and imagining giving a successful speech before the actual speech.

Skills training

focuses on learning specific speaking behaviors related to any part of the speech-making process, targeting specific areas for improvement, and using feedback and self-evaluation to set and achieve goals.

manuscript delivery

a delivery style in which a speaker writes the speech in its entirety and then reads it word for word

memorized delivery

a delivery style in which a speaker memorizes a speech in its entirety from a word-for-word script

extemporaneous delivery

a delivery style in which the speaker carefully prepares the speech in advance but delivers it using only a few notes and with a high degree of spontaneity

rate

how fast or slow you speak

Volume

loudness or softness of your voice

smaller room= use a volume a little louder than normal conversation

larger room= project your voice

pitch

high or low a speakers voice is, to covey enthusiasm and emphasize important points in a speech

lowering pitch

signal transitions or the end of a speech

fluency

flow of speaking; not many interruptions

fluency hiccups

unintended pauses in a speech that usually result from forgetting what you were saying or being distracted

informative speaking

teach an audience something using objective, factual information

informing through definition

1. synonyms or antonyms to covey meaning
2. identify the use or function of an object or idea
3. use examples that are representative of a large concept , such as in movies

informing through description

creating verbal pictures for your audience. looked like, smelled like, sounded like

informing through demonstration

a speaker gives verbal directions about how to do something while also physically demonstrating the steps

what are the three main learning styles

visual, auditory, kinesthetic

five canons or rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

invention

refers to the use of evidence and arguments to think about things in new ways and is the most studied of the fivecanons.

arrangement

refers to the organization of speech

style

refers to the use of language

delivery

refers to the vocal and physical characteristics of a speaker.

memory

refers to the techniques employed by speakers of that era to retain and then repeat large amounts of information

intrapersonal communication

communicating with oneself through internal vocalization or reflective thinking triggered by internal or external stimuli, which occurs exclusively within an individual's mind.

interpersonal communication

communication between two people that affects their mutual relationships

participants

The senders and/or receivers of messages in a communication encounter.

message

is the verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver

encoding

turning thoughts into communication

decoding

turning communication into thoughts

channel

encoded messages are sent through this to travel to the receiver for decoding

Transmission Model of Communication

Describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver.