AP Bio Exam Review

AP Biology Exam Review Flashcards

The process by which sexually reproducing eukaryotes transmit genes from one generation to the next, creating variation between parents and offspring.

Meiosis

Specialized tissues in adult eukaryotes (testes and ovaries) that create gametes.

Germ Cells

Sperm and egg cells, which are haploid and produced through meiosis.

Gametes

A fertilized egg produced by the fusion of sperm and egg.

Zygote

Cells with two sets of chromosomes, paired.

Diploid Cells

Cells with half the number of chromosomes, unpaired.

Haploid Cells

Matching chromosomes inherited from parents, with the same genes in the same order but possibly different alleles.

Homologous Chromosomes

Diploid cells found in the testes and ovaries that undergo meiosis to produce gametes.

Germ Cells

Haploid sperm and egg cells produced after meiosis.

Gametes

Diploid cells that make up the body tissues.

Somatic Cells

Cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid.

Reduction Division

The separation of homologous pairs during meiosis I.

Meiosis I

The separation of sister chromatids during meiosis II.

Meiosis II

Homologous pairs pair up and exchange parts during prophase I of meiosis.

Crossing Over

The embrace of homologous pairs during prophase I of meiosis.

Synapsis

The point where segments of DNA are exchanged during synapsis.

Chiasma

Array of four sister chromatids.

Tetrad

Chromosomes with unique and novel sequences of DNA resulting from crossing over.

Recombinant Chromosomes

Chromosomes 1-22 in humans; same in males and females.

Autosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes; determine sex.

Sex Chromosomes

A normal chromosome with alleles related to non-sex related functions.

X Chromosome

A region on the Y chromosome that initiates the development of testes.

SRY

Failure of homologous pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis.

Nondisjunction

Having an extra chromosome (2n + 1).

Trisomy

Missing a chromosome (2n - 1).

Monosomy