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35 Terms

1

Symbiosis

Defined as two dissimilar organisms living together in a close association.

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2

Neutralism

Refers to a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the relationship.

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3

Commensalism

A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence to the other.

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4

Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts.

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5

Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and detrimental to the other.

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6

Indigenous Microbiota

Microbes residing on and within a person, also known as the human microbiome.

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7

Microbial Antagonism

Beneficial microbes preventing other microbes from establishing.

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8

Opportunistic Pathogens

Microbes waiting for the chance to cause infection.

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9

Biofilms

Complex communities of bacteria with medical significance.

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10

Synergism

When multiple organisms collaborate to cause a disease.

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11

Endosymbionts

Bacteria within other microorganisms.

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12

Biotechnology

Technological applications using biological systems for specific purposes.

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13

Bioremediation

Using microbes to clean up various types of wastes.

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14

Epidemiology

Study of disease frequency, distribution, and determinants in human populations.

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15

Communicable Disease

Infectious disease transmissible between individuals.

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16

Zoonotic Diseases

Diseases humans acquire from animal sources.

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17

Reservoirs of Infection

Sources of microbes causing infectious diseases.

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18

Chain of Infection

Components in the infectious disease process.

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19

Human Carriers

Individuals spreading pathogens without showing symptoms.

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20

Vectors

Arthropods involved in transmitting infectious diseases.

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21

Indirect contact via airborne droplets

Transmission through respiratory secretions like sneezing or coughing.

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22

Indirect contact via contaminated food and water

Spread through food or water contaminated with fecal matter.

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23

Indirect contact via arthropod vectors

Transmission through insects or arthropods.

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24

Indirect contact via fomites

Spread through contaminated objects or surfaces.

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25

Indirect contact via contaminated blood

Transmission through infected blood or blood products.

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26

World Health Organization (WHO)

UN agency founded in 1948 to promote global health cooperation and disease control.

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27

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

US federal agency established in 1946 to protect public health and control infectious diseases.

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28

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

Publication by CDC reporting on infectious diseases and health trends.

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29

Prevention measures for epidemics

Strategies like vaccination, protection of exposed individuals, isolation of infected persons, and control of disease reservoirs.

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30

Biologic Warfare Agents

Microbes intentionally used in warfare to harm others.

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31

Bioterrorism Agents

Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, and illness outside of war.

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32

Water pollution types

Chemical pollution and biologic pollution like fecal matter.

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33

Cryptosporidiosis epidemic

Major waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993.

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34

Water treatment steps

Sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and chlorination to purify water.

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35

Sewage treatment

Process involving primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments to manage raw sewage.

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