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Symbiosis
Defined as two dissimilar organisms living together in a close association.
Neutralism
Refers to a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the relationship.
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence to the other.
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts.
Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and detrimental to the other.
Indigenous Microbiota
Microbes residing on and within a person, also known as the human microbiome.
Microbial Antagonism
Beneficial microbes preventing other microbes from establishing.
Opportunistic Pathogens
Microbes waiting for the chance to cause infection.
Biofilms
Complex communities of bacteria with medical significance.
Synergism
When multiple organisms collaborate to cause a disease.
Endosymbionts
Bacteria within other microorganisms.
Biotechnology
Technological applications using biological systems for specific purposes.
Bioremediation
Using microbes to clean up various types of wastes.
Epidemiology
Study of disease frequency, distribution, and determinants in human populations.
Communicable Disease
Infectious disease transmissible between individuals.
Zoonotic Diseases
Diseases humans acquire from animal sources.
Reservoirs of Infection
Sources of microbes causing infectious diseases.
Chain of Infection
Components in the infectious disease process.
Human Carriers
Individuals spreading pathogens without showing symptoms.
Vectors
Arthropods involved in transmitting infectious diseases.
Indirect contact via airborne droplets
Transmission through respiratory secretions like sneezing or coughing.
Indirect contact via contaminated food and water
Spread through food or water contaminated with fecal matter.
Indirect contact via arthropod vectors
Transmission through insects or arthropods.
Indirect contact via fomites
Spread through contaminated objects or surfaces.
Indirect contact via contaminated blood
Transmission through infected blood or blood products.
World Health Organization (WHO)
UN agency founded in 1948 to promote global health cooperation and disease control.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
US federal agency established in 1946 to protect public health and control infectious diseases.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
Publication by CDC reporting on infectious diseases and health trends.
Prevention measures for epidemics
Strategies like vaccination, protection of exposed individuals, isolation of infected persons, and control of disease reservoirs.
Biologic Warfare Agents
Microbes intentionally used in warfare to harm others.
Bioterrorism Agents
Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, and illness outside of war.
Water pollution types
Chemical pollution and biologic pollution like fecal matter.
Cryptosporidiosis epidemic
Major waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993.
Water treatment steps
Sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and chlorination to purify water.
Sewage treatment
Process involving primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments to manage raw sewage.
