lecture 8 - Head & Neck Osteology - Pimentel

longer

When comparing to dogs, horses have _____ facial bones

convex

Horses normally have a _____ face shape (dorsal surface)

cranial

The facial bones are longer than the _____ bones

cranial

The following are [cranial/facial] bones:

• Occipital

• Parietal

• Temporal

• Frontal

• Basisphenoid

• Presphenoid

• Pterygoid

• Ethmoid

• Vomer

facial

The following are [cranial/facial] bones:

• Nasal

• Lacrimal

• Maxillary

• Zygomatic

• Palatine

• Mandibular

paracondylar process

Lateral to the condyles of the occipital bone, we will find a very long and large jugular process. What can we find at the very tip of the jugular process?

difficult

Unlike in dogs, it is [easy/difficult] to palpate the external occipital protuberance in horses

temporal fossa

The parietal bone shares the _____ with part of the frontal and part of the occipital bones

not round (irregular)

In the tympanic part of the temporal bone, we will find the external acoustic meatus. Juts below, we will find the tympanic bulla. In dogs and cats, it is very round. What does it look like in horses?

styloid; muscular

In the ventral tympanic part of the temporal bone, we will find 2 processes. Laterally is the _____ process, and slightly medial is the _____ process.

styloid process

_____ is the point where the hyoid apparatus is going to join the base of the skull

mandibular fossa

The _____ serves as the articulation point for the joint of the mandible

zygomatic process of temporal bone

What is the most caudal part of the zygomatic arch?

zygomatic process of frontal bone

What bony part "closes" the orbit, unlike in dogs who have a ligament to do so?

facial

The zygomatic bone is a _____ bone

older

In [younger/older] animals, suture lines are less prominent

mastoid

Just caudal to the tympanic bulla, you will find the _____ process of the temporal bone

external

The mastoid process is important for the insertion of muscles coming from the neck and is the only _____ part of the petrosal part of the temporal bone

CN VIII

What nerve is associated with the internal acoustic meatus?

tentorial process

Inside the occipital bone, there is a bony structure called the _____, which partially divides the cerebellum and the cerebrum

hypoglossal nerve

The hypoglossal canal is the exit point for the _____

foramen lacerum

When looking in a medial/internal view, we see a very large foramen called the _____, which is made of several different foramina

sphenoidal sinus

If we go to the body of the sphenoid bones, we will see a _____

frontal sinus

What kind we find inside the frontal bone?

supraorbital foramen

What palpable foramen can we find closely related to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?

bigger

The lacrimal bone is [bigger/smaller] in horses than it is in dogs or cats

fossa for lacrimal sac

In the center of the lacrimal bone, what structure can we find?

wings

The basisphenoid and presphenoid bones have a body in the middle and _____ laterally

vomer

The _____ bone articulates with the presphenoid bone

inside

The carotid foramina is found [outside/inside] the skull

1. jugular foramen

2. oval foramen

3. corotid foramen

What foramina make up the foramen lacerum in horses?

true

T/F - The foramen lacerum is covered by a thin membrane

round foramen

What can you see inside the orbital fissure?

(In dogs, these are 2 separate structures, not combined)

optic nerve

What nerve goes into the skull, from the eye, using the optic canal?

cribriform plate

The olfactory nerve is associated with an area with many holes. What is the name of this area/structure?

perpendicular plate

The ethmoidal labyrinth can be seen medially if the _____ is removed

1. 1st endoturbinate - develops rostrally & forms the dorsal nasal concha

2. 2nd endoturbinate - forms the middle nasal concha

The endoturbinates make 2 main concha. What are they?

dorsal conchal sinus

Inside the dorsal nasal concha, there is a space called the _____

larger

The middle nasal concha is [smaller/larger] in horses than in dogs

middle conchal sinus

Inside the middle nasal concha, there is a space called the _____

rostrally; dorsal

The first 1st endoturbinate develops _____ & forms the _____ nasal concha

middle

The 2nd endoturbinate forms the _____ nasal concha

false - its NOT

T/F -The ventral nasal concha is part of the ethmoidal labyrinth

maxillary bone

The ventral nasal concha is associated with a crest of the _____

do not touch

The lacrimal bone in horses is so large, that the frontal and maxillary bones _____, unlike in dogs

long

The nasal and incisive bones are [long/short]

nasoincisive notch

Between the nasal process of the incisive bone and the most rostral part of the nasal bone, there is a _____, which is associated with a skin pouch

infraorbital canal

The infraorbital foramen joins the maxillary foramen inside the orbit, forming the _____

facial crest

What is the palpable structure found on the lateral surface of the maxillary bone, also associated with the zygomatic bone

1. molars

2. premolars

3. canine (sometimes)

What teeth are associated with the maxillary bone? (3)

true

T/F - Sometimes, horses don't have canine teeth

alveoli

The incisive bone has _____ for the superior incisive teeth

1. palatine process of incisive bone

2. palatine process of maxillary bone

3. horizontal lamina of palatine bone

What are the 3 bones that form the hard palate?

maxillary

The _____ bone forms ~75% of the hard palate in horses

major palatine foramina

Between the palatine bone and the palatine process of the maxillary bone, you will find ______, that continue rostrally with the palatine groove and are a place for blood vessels

palatine fissures

What are the "holes" that sit close to the palatine process of the incisive bone?

conchofrontal sinus

In horses, the dorsal conchal sinus and the frontal sinus join. What is this joined sinus called?

maxillary sinus

Inside the maxillary bone in horses, just dorsal to the facial crest, we have the largest sinus in the skull. What is the name of it?

1. rostral part

2. caudal part

What are the 2 divisions of the maxillary sinus?

facial crest

The _____ is a landmark for the maxillary sinus

infection of the teeth -> fills maxillary sinus -> debris coming through the nose

The molars in a horse are very big and long, so their roots are likely to reach the area of the maxillary sinus. Why is this important to remember?

bony infraorbital canal

When you open the maxillary sinus, be careful, as you can go through the _____ and come into contact with a very large blood vessel

facial artery

In the ventral side of the body of the mandible, there is a vascular notch. This is where the _____ passes through.

masseter

What muscle is associated with the masseteric fossa (insertion)?

temporal muscle

What muscle is associated with the coronoid process (insertion)?

temporal

The condylar process joins the _____ bone

pterygoid

What muscle attaches at the pterygoid fossa?

is

The condyle of the mandible [is/is not] very long, which helps with the lateral movements of the mouth

do not

Horses [do/do not] have an angular process on the mandible

stylohyoid

Which part of the hyoid apparatus is very large and joins the base of the skull?

lingual process

The basihyoid has a long _____ for the insertion of muscles of the tongue

stylohyoid

What part of the hyoid apparatus can we see when doing an endoscopy?

holds the larynx & joins it with the skull

What does the hyoid apparatus do?

alar notch

Unlike in dogs, horses don't have an _____ on the atlas

lateral vertebral

What foramen is found medially to the alar foramen?

false - they don't

Horses have a transverse foramen on the atlas

axis

C2 is the _____

atlas

Axis joins the _____ cranially

U

The dens in horses is not round like it is in dogs. It has more of a "_____" shape

1st one

Which cervical vertebrae has a tiny spinous process

larger

As we move caudally, along the vertebrae, the spinous processes get [smaller/larger]

2

C3, C4, C5 have __#__ transverse processes

synovial plane

Between the cranial and caudal articular processes, we will find a _____ joint

7

There are no transverse foramina in C__#__

joining of the 1st pair of ribs

Fovea costalis caudalis is needed for what?