pre ap world history final

Abbasid

caliphate/islamic dynasty which overthrew the ummayad caliphate in 750 and ruled until 1258 (sunni)

Abu Bakr

first caliph (632-634) of the Rashidun Caliphate (sunni) and friend of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

Bantu

diverse group of people spread across Sub-Saharan Africa/language that many modern African languages are derived from

Bible

holy book of the Christians

Byzantine Empire

also known as the eastern roman empire after the roman empire was split into two and the western side collapsed in the 5th century. orthodox Christian and capital is Constantinople. located in asia minor and greece/balkans

Caliphate

form of Islamic government and unification of Muslims which upholds sharia law and follows Islamic ideals

Caliphs

leaders of a caliph

Cruades

holy wars and military campaigns that took place 11th-13th century that were meant of reclaiming Jerusalem and other holy sites from Muslim control

Constantinople

capital of byzantine empire

Constantine

roman empire from 306-337 who passed the edict of milan in 313 CE and the council of nicaea and founded constantinople

Dhows

sailing vessel used in the red sea and indian ocean regions used for trade fishing and transportation

Eastern Orthodox

also known as greek/byzantine orthodox which is a section of Christianity which has some beliefs like no worshipping idols, no popes, etc

Fuedalism

economic system characterized by a hierarchical structure where king was at top and owned all the land and the peasants were at the bottom and did labor to get land

Flying Cash

using during tang (618-907 AD) and one of the earliest instances of using paper as a medium of exchange

Genghis Khan

born as temujin around 1162 and was the founder and first great khan of the mongol empire

Ghana

located in west africa and known for its control over the trans saharan trade routes, especially gold and salt and eventually became muslim

Grand Canal

vast waterway system in china that was built in the Sui dynasty (581-618 AD) which connected the yangtze and yellow river which helped with transportation and trade

Great Zimbabwe

located in present zimbabwe which flourished between 11th and 15th centuries AD which is known for its stone walls out of granite blocks and its trade routes connecting to the coast of the indian ocean and southern africa and exchanged gold, ivory, copper, etc

Haga Sophia

Church in Constantinople that was built under Emperor Justinian with innovative architecture using domes which revolutionized Byzantine architecture that turned into a mosque after control was taken by the ottomans

Hippodrome

ancient stadium for chariot racing and public gatherings influence by ancient greek culture

Hulegu Khan

13th century mongol ruler who was the grandson of genghis khan who ruled the mongol ikhanate which led military campaigns aginst the islamic world and sieges baghdad. he orignially was hostile to islam but slowly welcomed it

Ibn Battuta

14th century morrocan scholar and traveler who preformed hajj and explored muslim nations and recorded it

Indian Ocean Trade Network

trade routes in the coast of the indian ocean connecting east africans, the arabian peninsula and southasia/southeast asia which trades many goods and cultural ideas

Jizya

form of taxation on non muslims who lived in islamic states which was given in exchange for protection by the islamic state

Junk

sailing ship in ancient china during song dynasty (969-1279) used for transportation and trade

Justinian

emperor of the byzantine empire from 527-565 AD who created the Justinian code and greatly improved the byzantine empire and improved architecture and unified the church bc he sought to make his empire as great as the roman empire

Justinian Code

also known as the corupus juris civilis was a compliation of roman law commissioned by the byzantine emperor to organize and eradicate unclear outdated laws which influenced laws in other nations over history

Jesus

Prophet of Islam and the on of God/messiah in Christianity

Khanates

state of jurisdiction of a ruler(khan), examples are the golden hoard and the 3 other khanates

Kowtow

originated from chinese culture referring to deep respect and an important ritual in imperial china. involves kneeling and bowing head down to the floor

Kublai Khan

(1215-1294) gradnson of Genghis khan and founder of the yuan dynasty in china andextended mongols empires inflence and conquered song dynasty. imroved tax collection, trade, and infrastructure. supported many faiths.

Lateen Sails

triangular sail on boats that aided navigation and trade used in the indian trade networks mostly

Mali

13th to 16th century founded by sundiata keita around 1235 who united small states into one kingdom which followed a monarchial system. most famous king was mansu musa. mali had great control over the gold and salt trade routes and controlled trans-saharan trade routes. followed islam and became a center for islamic learning. songhai empire took over.

Mansa Musa

11312-1337 and was the king od the indom of mali and traveled to mecca and gave away much of his wealth on the way, impating the econemy of many nations, as he was one of the richest individuals in history. spread inslam in west africa

Marco Polo

1254-1324 was a merhant explorer and writer who traveled with his family, his father niccolo and uncle maffeo, throughout asia. traveled on the silk road and reached the court of kublai khan where he became the advisor of kublai khan because of his knowledge of languages where he shared european and mongolian cultures and recorded his observations.

Mongols

nomadic people who originated from the steppes of central asia known for their advanced but barbaric military tactics

Monsoon Winds

seasonal wind patterns (june to september) and warm air over areas like india where heavy rainfall occurs, helping cultivate crops

Muhammad (PBUH)

Prophet of Islam

Pax Mongolica

peace that existed across eurasia during 13th and 14th centuries where the mongols had stability and control over its vast territories and where trade and transportation flourished, causing economic growth

Quran

Holy book of Islam

Schism

division of a religion, in Islam the Shi’ites/Shias split from the Sunnis over if Ali (relative of prophet) or Abu Bakr (close friend of prophet) should be the next leader after prophet Muhammad (PBUH). in christianity the catholics and the orthodox split over if the Pope should have authority and if idols should be worshipped

Seljuk Turks

major turkic Muslim dynasty (sunni) that rose to power in the 11th century which quickly gained land in central asia and the middle east which conqured lands like Jerusalem and parts of the Byzantine Empire, leading to crusades

Song Dynasty

960-1279 CE was founded by Taizu who united the previously fragmented nation. Emperors implemented imperial authority with a bureaucratic system that selected officials based on their knowledge of confusism and skills. Mic of buddhist doaist and confucist ideas. traded through silk roads. Known for technology like wood printin, gunpowder

Songhai

west africa in modern day Mali, Niger, etc. had control of trans-sahran trade routes espespecially over gold and salt trade. strong imperial authroity and government. founded by sunni ali around 1442-1492 who converted to islam and helped spread islam in the kingdom.

Sui Dynasty

581-618 AD and founded by Emperor Wen (Yang Jian) who reunified china after the fall of the Han dynasty and was emperor after overthrowing the chen dynasty. unified china into one nation and made the Grand canal which fostered economic groth and trade. Buddhism was very popular. Rebellion occured because citizens were unhappy and Li Yuan overthrew it and made the Tang Dynasty.

Sultan

monarchial ruler of islamic states

Shi’ites/Shias

branch of muslims who believe that the islamic prophets relative, Ali, should be the next leader of the muslim community.

Sunni

branch of muslims who believe that the islamic prophets close friend, Abu Bakr, should be the next leader of the muslim community.

Swahili City-States

east african coast which traded in the indian ocean trade network with gold, spices, ivory, textile, porcelin and slaves. under islamic influence. had city states ruled by a local ruler/sultan

Tang Dynasty

Li Yuan overthree the Sui dynasty starting the tang dynasty in 618 AD. expanded territories in central asia and other places. Golden age as arts and literature flourished due to cosmopolotin culture. Efficient tax system, flourishing trade in the indian trade network and silk road. Mostly Buddhist but also confucist and daoist. collapsed by rebellions and outside forces. Song dynasty took over.

Trans-Saharan

trade route in sahara desert and sub-saharan west africa where gold, textiles, slaves, copper, slaves, ivory were traded and where islam was spread.

Tribute System

idea that the chinese were better because they were in the center and later turned into a system where other foriegn states had to recognize this and pay tribute and homage to the chinese

Talmaud

central texts of judaism after the torah and a source of Jewish rulings and pratices

Umayyad

second of the four major caliphates with strong buracratical government and sunni muslim. streched over north africa and some terrotories in south asia . overthrown by abbasids.

Woodblock Printing

developed in tang dynasty which led to the production of literature and more

Yuan Dynasty

1271 AD when kublai khan announced himself as the emperor of China after his conquest of the Song dynasty.

Zheng He

traveler and diplomat who traveled to different places to create diplomatic relations, foster trade, and increase chinese influence throughout the world

Where does the Jewish faith originate from?

Judea

What was the attitude of the Romans toward the Jewish people of Judea?

the romans first were tolerant of the jewish as they kept their religion to themselves and didnt cause problems but after they revolted, the tension between the two increased and they were massecred.

What was the reason for the Jewish diaspora into the Mediterranean areas (Middle East, Anatolia, Eastern Europe)?

persecution of the Jews, especially after the Jewish revolt against the romans, was really common so Jews spread into the middle east for safety

What was the relationship between the Jews and the early Christians?

the relationship was peaceful as they had many similarities in the religions and some of the only monotheistic religions

How did the Crusades impact the Jewish population?

many jews were massacred as jews were seen as different and an obstacle during the crusades

What is the Holy Book of Judaism?

Torah

When/Where was Christianity founded?

Judea

Who is the “founder” of Christianity?

Jesus

What are some of the major beliefs of Christianity?

Trinity, Cruxification of Jesus, belief in one god, repentence, the church, life and deaths

How was Christianity able to spread in the Roman Empire?

matrys show resiliance and devotion, presuaing people to convert. they preached their religion. laws passed to accept Christianity

What was the original attitude of the Romans towards the early Christians?

they preached and spread their religion which caused people to be led astray from Roman polytheism which was a huge problem so they were used as scapegoats and brutaly punished

What was the split in the Christian church and the main differences between the two?

orthodox vs catholics, one said no pope other said yes pope, one said no idol worshipping other said yes, greek vs latin

What is Roman Catholicism and who is at the head of it?

Pope and it is a branch of christianity in western europe

What is Eastern Orthodox?

branch of christianity in eastern europe and greece

What were the Crusades and why did the Crusades commence?

holy wars fought to capture holy land back from the muslims. commenced when seljuk turks took over jerusalem and parts of byzantine empire so europe retaliated back.

How did the Crusades impact the Christian population?

many men died fighting in the crusades.

What was the impact of the Crusades on the Byzantine Empire?

took up many resources and money, they lost territory, religous tensions between islam and christainity. many men died.

What is the Holy book of Christianity?

Bible

When/where was Islam founded?

mecca, 650s

Who is the founder of Islam?

Muhammad (PBUH)

What are some of the major beliefs/pratices of Islam?

Pillgramage, fasting, prayer, charity, belief in god

How did Muslim rulers treat non-Muslim subjects?

respected but not equal, especially if they did not pay them

What is the division in the Muslim community?

sunni and shia

Who are he Umayyads and the Abbassids?

caliphates, umayyads first founded by ali and then abbassids overthrew them. under umayyads land increased greatly. abbasid was known as the golden age.

What defines the Islamic Golden Age?

when islamic states flourished and became a center of knowledge and have economic prosperity.

How did the Crusades impact the Muslim populations?

killed many muslims

What is the Holy book of Islam?

Islam

Who was Mansa Musa and how was he significant?

king of kingdom of mali and was considered richest man in the world. converted to islam and spread it throughout Mali and africa. made mosques and a center for learning ad innovation. also helped increase size of mali empire.

Who was Ibn Battuta and how was he significant?

moroccan muslim who traveled through islamic states and went to hajj, writing down his observations, bringing attention to islam and spreading islamic culture across the world

What were the Bantu Migrations?

a series of events where bantu-speaking people traveled from west africa to sub-saharan west africa which contributed to the current culture and society of west africa

What were the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali? What was their wealth based on?

muslim kingdoms in West africa that gained wealth from gold and salt trade from the trans saharan trade routes

What effect did the Indian Ocean trade routes have on the Easte Coast of Africa?

trade gave resources needed in the East Coast of africa and gave people jobs as merchants/people who got resources to trade which helped society flourish. also gave an opportunity for different cultures to clash.

What effect did the Indian Ocean trade routes have on Southeast Asia?

helped spread islam, helped spread south asian cutlure with persian, african, east asian, etc culture, exchange of technologies like new farming techniques and new crops.

What was Great Zimbabwe?

kingdom that was blocked off with granite walls and traded gold, ivory, copper and etc with swahili coast and south east africa

How did Islam spread to West Africa? How do we see syncretism there?

trans saharan trade aided in muslim nations to mingle with other kingdoms, causing people to convert to islam. syncretism is common in west africa as both islamic and christian inflences effects the culture but west african culture is still a huge part of west african heritage, so both cultures are seen in west africa.

How did Islam play a role in the Indian Ocean trade routes?

islam converted many other nations and in islam merchants are highly valued, so more and more merchants were popping up which helped to make the indian ocean trade network more succesful. also, islamic states were a hub of knowledge and information, so these states would improve inventions like boats to help improve transportation.

What cultures/relgions spread AS A RESULT of the trade routes?

Islam, buddhism, christianity.

What was so special about the camel?

it could store lots of energy in its humps and it didnt need much water, making it ideal for long distances of travel.

What are the caravans?

a covered horse drawn wagon used for carrying goods around for trade

What are caravanserai?

areas on the way of trade routes known for being a resting stop for merchants and travelers for caravans and resources

What were some innovations/invetions that are result of the different trade networks and which trade networks did these advancements come from?

lateen sail, dhow ships (indian ocean) helped with transportation of goods and increased trade. gunpowder , paper money, compasses, paper making helped with making war weapons, navigation, education and the usage of currency instead of trade to buy things

What were the Trans-Saharan trde routes and what parts of what countries did they connect?

sub-saharan and north africa

What were the Indian Ocean trade routes?

These were maritime routes connecting East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and China.