Paige Jones - Chapter 9 - Cardiology

What are the two functions of the circulartory system?

distribution of O2 and CO2 and defense against foreign agents

What are the two divisions of the circulatory system?

CV and lymphatic

What organs make up the cardiovascular system?

are the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, a vast network including arteries, veins, and tiny capillaries

What organs make up the lymphatic system?

lymph nodes, lymph vessels (thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells), bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils and adenoids, and lymph tissue in the small intestine

What are lymphatic capillaries?

higher=open lower=shut;

Anastromic

interconnecting network

Artery

carry blood away from the heart

Vein

carry blood to the heart

Capillary bed

a dense network of microscopic blood vessels (capillaries) that connects small arteries (arterioles) to small veins (venules), forming the crucial site for exchanging oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products

Arteriole

little artery

Venule

little veins

Pulmonary circuit

lungs

Systemic circuit

body systems

Heart rate

rate at which heart beats

Cardiac output

both pumps normally pumping the same amount of blood

Mediastinum

where the heart is located

Axis of the heart

line drawn from the center of the base down to the apex

Endocardium

endocarditis

Myocardium

heart muscle (Middle layer)

Epicardium

serous membrane covering part of the heart

Pericardium

sac around the heart

Serous membrane

covers the surface of the heart (of the epicardium)

Innteratrial septum

b/w the right and left atrium

Foramen ovale

deppression

Foramen ovale

hole - fetus

Atria

receiving chambers

Ventricles

ejecting chambers

Superior vena cava

higher part of body

Inferior vena cava

Lower part of body

Coronary sinus

from myocardium

Tricuspid valve

consists of 3 endocardial folds reinforced with dense fibrous C.T.

pulmonary valve

consists of 3 semi-lunar cusps : prevents the regurgitation of blood from the Aorta

mitral valve

consists of 2 endocardial folds reinforced with dense fibrous C.T.

Chordae tendineae

dense fibrous C.T. cords that anchor the A-V valve cusps to papillary muscle

Aortic valve

consists of 3 semi-lunar cusps : prevents the regurgitation of blood from the Aorta

SA node

hearts natural pace maker

How does the heart conduct electricity?

through action potentials

AV node

gatekeeper between the atria and ventricles, coordinating their beat by delaying and transmitting electrical signals from the upper to lower heart chambers, ensuring efficient ventricular filling

Bundle of His

a crucial part of the heart's electrical system, acting as the bridge that transmits electrical signals from the atria (upper chambers) to the ventricles (lower chambers) via the atrioventricular (AV) node, ensuring coordinated contraction for a normal heartbeat.

Rt and Lt Bundle branches

crucial parts of the heart's electrical system, acting like wires that carry signals from the AV node down the center (septum) to trigger the ventricles (lower chambers) to contract, with the right branch powering the right ventricle and the left branch powering the larger left ventricle, often splitting further into anterior and posterior fascicles

Purkinje branches

specialized cells forming the heart's rapid electrical network

Intercalculated discs

connects things

Coronary Arteries

first arteries branch off aorta

How are heart muscles joined together?

gap junctions and intercalculated discs

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

nourish the myocardium

Collateral circulation

many anastomes

How do you increase collateral circulation?

cardiovascular exercise

Coronary sinus?

the heart's largest vein, forming a venous channel that collects deoxygenated blood from most of the heart muscle (myocardium) and empties it into the right atrium. Located on the posterior surface of the heart, it runs along the groove between the left atrium and ventricle, receiving blood from major veins like the great cardiac, middle cardiac, and small cardiac veins, and serves as a critical access point for cardiac procedures

Rheumatic heart disease?

triggered by strep: auto-immune heart disease

Endeocarditis

endocardium caused by RHD

Streptococcus viridans

Strep throat

Valvular disease

disease of valves

Coronary Artery disease

“CAD” caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

Angina Perctoris

caused by CAD

Coronary thrombosis

stops all blood flow through vessel

Conduction blocks

reduced conduction of electrical activity through the heart

SA nodal block

reduced conduction of electrical activity through the heart

A-V nodal block

reduced conduction of electrical activity through the heart

Bundle Branch block

reduced conduction of electrical activity through the heart

Arrythmia

abnormal rhythms

Myocardial Infarction

“heart attack“

Stenosis of the lumen

Lumen stenosis is the narrowing of the lumen, the open channel inside a tube-like body structure (like arteries or intestines), often due to plaque buildup

Heart murmur

abnormal sounds caused by heart defects