church history stdy guides 1-5 kinda

What are reasons for studying church history?

- Gain insight by learning how others have understood the Bible

- Understand the present religious world and how it came about

- Learn how others dealt with similar problems

- Learn from those who come before

What are the approaches of ordinary and Providentialist historians and how do they differ?

- Ordinary historians

those who answer "no" or "not sure." Look at how people shape the church and do not resort to God as the explanation. While they may allow that God acts in history, they don't specify how he may be acting. Difference between "open" and "closed" ordinary (secular) history. Open leaves room for the work of God, closed leads to naturalism.

- Providentialist (Theological) historians

those who answer "yes." Recognizes that there is an "irreducible complexity of human experience." Many secular theories do not have enough power to explain human experience: Christian historians should be willing to talk about God in history. But we must be cautious and offer careful documentation and sound reasoning before making the claim that God was specifically involved in a certain event.This approach could explain human experience better than purely materialistic arguments can.

What is the work of the theological historian?

To search for God's hand in history and to seek lessons from it for today's Christian community.

When people talked about the church needing to be reformed in "head and in members" what were they primarily thinking about?

The head is the pope

The members are the churches and organizations.

Clerical higharchy and or the pope and clergy men, and how they lived and operated

What have a number of scholars recognized about the role of conflict in the church?

- it comes from a passion for the Christian faith

- when people care, conflict will happen

- it demonstrates the vitality of the church

By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times:

a. in organization

- monepiscopacy—hierarchy—papacy

- clergy/laity distinctions

- church competing with state for political power and influence

By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times:

b. in doctrine?

- well defined doctrine concerning the nature of the Trinity

- head of church no longer Christ, but Pope

- system of sacraments and indulgences

- baptism by sprinkling or pouring and infant baptism— disassociated from faith and repentance

- doctrines of purgatory and intercession of the saints

- doctrines of Just War and Holy War

By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times:

c. in worship?

- images and statues

- instrumental music introduced

- less participation by laity

- vestments worn by priests

- Lord's Supper received infrequently (1x/yr)

- Lord's Supper converted to Mass—reenactment of Christ's sacrifice: 1. transubstantiation 2. laity refused the cup (communion in one kind) 3. "ocular" or "spiritual" communion

By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times:

d. in life?

- no longer viewed as aliens and strangers

- no more missionary zeal (we live in a Christian society)

- ethical demands of the gospel only for a chosen few

- ritual more important than morality

What was the concept of reform of the church "in head and members"?

A call to structual and doctrinal and moral reform.

What is monepiscopacy?

One bishop (Pope) at the head of the church

What are sacraments?

Physical actions and materials that God channels His grace through.

What is an indulgence?

relief from temporal punishment

By the late middle ages, who was generally considered to be the head of the church?

The Pope

What is purgatory?

An intermediate place or state between heaven and hell where, after death, but before final judgment, certain souls are purified or purged through suffering for sins for which satisfaction has not yet been made, so that they may enter into the presence of God.

In about what century did affusion begin replacing immersion as the normal form of baptism?

8th century

In what century did instrumental music begin to be used regularly in the liturgy of the church?

13th century

What are vestments?

The special robes and clothing that the priests wore

What is transubstantiation?

The idea that the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper change into Christ's actual blood and body

What is communion in one kind and communion in both kinds?

One Kind

The laity would receive only the bread (receive the benefit of the blood without the wine)

Both Kinds

The priest would receive both the bread and the wine

What was the Avignon Papacy?

- Avignon Papacy 1309-1376

- Also known as (Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy) because it lasts 70 years

- Clement V 1305-14 - Pope

- He was French, he moved the seat from Rome to Avignon.

- During all the Avignon papacy, all popes (7) are going to be French, and all are going to be in Avignon.

- They are all weak popes, controlled by the French Kings.

What was the "Babylonian captivity of the Papacy"?

Avignon Papacy 1309-1376

What was the Great (Western) Schism?

Cardinals hold another election because the election of Urban VI was held under duress and they elect Clement VII.

the period of time from c. 1378-1417 when two or three men claimed to be the rightful pope.

What was Conciliarism?

Papal authority should be subjected to the authority of a general council

Which Council ended the schism?

Council of Constance

Who was the great Czech/Bohemian reformer of the 15th century who was burned at the Council of Constance in 1415?

Jan Huss

Who was the emperor who promised this reformer safe conduct and then retracted it?

Sigismund

What English reformer had a great influence on Hus?

John Wycliff

For Hus, who or what was the head of the Church?

Christ

What revolutionary practice did Hus approve shortly before he died?

Communion in both kinds to the laity

Who took over leadership of the movement after Hus died?

Jakoubek

What became the symbol of the Hussites/Bohemians?

A chalice, due to the advocation of communion in both kinds.

Distinguish between the 2 main Hussite groups.

- Moderates: Conservatives, Prague Masters, Calixtines, Utraquists - Jan Rokycana, archbishop•

- Radicals: Taborites and Orebites/Orphans- Nicholas Biskupec, bishop or senior - Jan Zizka, military leader

Know the Four Articles of Prague and their significance

1) communion in both kinds

2) free preaching of the Word of God

3) exclusion of the clergy from owning property and exercising influence in politics

4) punishment of mortal or public sins.

How many crusades did the Roman Catholic church send against the Hussites in the years 1420-1431?

Five

Who was the great blind general of the Hussite forces?

Jan Žižka

What does the term "communion in both kinds" mean?

communion with both bread and wine

Erasmus of Rotterdam

- (1466-1536)

- "Prince of the Christian Humanists"

- Critic of Church and of Luther

- Praise of Folly was an unrelenting attack on the corruptions of the clergy.

Who published the first edition of the Greek New Testament, and in what year?

Erasmus in 1516

Erasmus believed the church could be reformed by what means?

Education and return to primative sources of Christian truth (The Bible and early church fathers)

How was reform to be propagated according to Erasmus?

Discourse and Persuasion

In what ways did Erasmus influence the later reformers?

- seeing the importance of the Bible

- seeing the importance of the biblical languages

- seeing the importance of the church fathers over the scholastic doctors

- a sacramental theology that life of the spirit is not nourished by external, material things.

What were some translational errors in the Vulgate that Erasmus discovered?

- Ephesians 5:31-32 marriage as "sacramentum (sacrament) should be "mystery"

- Matthew 4:17 "do penance" should be "repent"

- Luke 1:28 Mary gratia plena (full of grace) should be "favored one"

Who published many of the Greek and Latin fathers of the church, making scholarly knowledge of the early church available to the reformers?

Erasmus

Who wrote that "history is a story written by the finger of God"?

C.S Lewis

What was the biblical historians' view of the relationship between God and human history?

They could identify the finger of God in the history they related

What was the approach to history of Eusebius, Bede, and Vavrinec?

they assume that history is a story in which God is active and in fact directing not only the details of individual conversions or battles, but also working through"providence" to accomplish his greater purposes.

How does Eusebius, Bede, and Vavrinec approach differ from that of Latourette, Mattox, and Ferguson?

They believe that God is moving in history and through the church but they are hesitant and do not attribute specific events to God directly

What is the difference between a "church historian" and a "theological historian"?

- Church Historian

Explains as well as possible what happened and why from a secular perspective

- Theological Historian

Searches for God's hand in history and reflect on events of history for the instructional benefit of the christian community

How should the theological historian's conclusions regarding what God may be doing in the world be characterized?

tentative

What three things can the theological historian affirm?

- God has been active and is active in the affairs of human beings

- God has an ultimate purpose for the world

- Events are not ours to control

What did Professor Rejchrtova believe about expressing one's faith in one's academic work?

They were responsible for communicating their faith even in their scholarship otherwise they acknowledge that scholarship is the realm of only those without faith.

What pope moved the papal court to Avignon, thus beginning the Avignon Papacy?

Clement V

Approximately how long did the Avignon Papacy last?

About 70 years

What nation dominated the papacy during this time?

France

What caused the Great (Western) Schism of the late 14th to mid 15th centuries?

When pope Gregory died in 1377, he died in Rome, so the majority french cardinals came to elect a new pope the feared the people and elected Urban the VI (an Italian). Urban VI was so cruel to the french that they went back to Avignon and selected a french pope Clement VII saying they made Urban VI pope while under duress so his papacy was not legitimate.

Now both of them were claiming to be Popes.

About how long did this schism last?

About 40 years

Who were the "poor preachers"?

People who were trained by John Wycliff and went to preach to people in their vernacular languages, read from the gospels, taught the Ten Commandments, and taught other religious basics

Who reached the conclusion that only elders and deacons were orders of ministry established by Christ?

John Wycliff

Who was the English reformer who rejected many of the teachings of the Roman Church and led efforts to get the Scriptures to the common person?

John Wycliff

Who were the Lollards?

Followers of John Wycliff. They developed from the poor preachers.

What happened to Wycliff's body over 40 years after his death?

His bones were exhumed and burned with his writings and the ashes were cast into a river.

Who was the "morning star of the reformation"?

John Wycliff

Who was Wyclif's "Bohemian counterpart"?

John Hus

In what languages did John Hus preach?

Both Latin and Czech

According to North, was Hus more concerned about moral reform or ecclesiastical revolution?

moral reform

According to North, what was Hus's greatest work?

On the Church

Which friend of Hus was burned almost exactly one year after Hus?

Jerome of Prague

Who were the Unitas Fratrum?

The United Brethren or The Moravian Brethren.

Hussites and Waldensians who followed John Hus

What was conciliarism?

The idea that the church can be properly governed through ecumenical or general councils

What were the three estates?

- The Clergy

- The Nobility

- The Townspeople

Who were the major voices calling for a council?

Jean Gerson and Pierre D'Ailly

What was the result of the Council of Pisa?

They declared the two popes obstinate and elected a new pope Alexander V. He died while the council was in session and the elected another pope John XXIII

Who became Pope as a result of the Council of Constance?

Martin V

Which council concluded the Compactate of Prague with the Hussites?

The Basle Council

What is a Uniate church?

Churches that were in the east but still excepted the union with the Roman Catholics and its regulations, though they did have more independence and freedom when it came to liturgy

Whom did the Council of Basle appoint as Pope and what is he known as?

Felix V, also known as the last antipope

Were the Renaissance popes interested in reform?

There was no interest in reform from the Renaissance popes

Who was the recognized leader of the liberal reform movement in Europe in the late 15th and early 16th century?

Erasmus

How was Erasmus' position toward the Catholic Church different from Luther's?

- He tried to stay neutral.

- He believed in education and the quiet study of scripture.

- Erasmus didn't want to break from the church, Luther wanted to.

What was the tragedy of Erasmus' life?

- He was attacked by both the catholics and Protestants and he was never enough of a reformer to challenge people to action

Know about Erasmus' connection with the Brethren of the Common Life.

Erasmus received part of his education under their care

According to Chadwick, who more than anyone else lowered the European reputation of popes, clergy, monks, friars, and theologians?

Erasmus

Who were the theologians/philosophers who were skeptical about the power of human reason to reach true conclusions in the realm of metaphysics?

The Nominalists

What approach was critical of philosophical inquiry, but rather utilized critical and historical inquiry?

The Humanist Criticism

About which two New Testament books did Erasmus question the traditional authorship?

Hebrews and Revelation

How did Erasmus feel about ceremonies and their relationship to being a Christian?

Without ceremonies you may not be a Christian, but neither do they make you a Christian

Whom did we include as magisterial reformers?

- Luther

- Zwingli

- Calvin

What is meant by the term magisterial reformers?

Those wanting reform, but in an orderly fashion - no violence or anarchy. That which is carried out with consent from the government

What is simony?

the buying and selling of church offices

Who was the indulgence seller that caused Luther to post his 95 theses?

Johann Tetzel

Where did he post them?

Church of Wittenburg

When did he post them (this date is important)?

October 31, 1517

Who was Luther's opponent who led him in debate to declare that some of Hus's views were Christian and that the pope and councils could err?

John Eck at Leipzig

Know about Luther's 3 important works of 1520.

- Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation: Priesthood of all believers (August); Magisterial reform.

- Babylonian Captivity of the Church: Eliminates most of the Sacraments. Retains baptism and Eucharist; confession has some value (October)

- Freedom of a Christian—Free from Church Laws: Justification by faith alone. (November)

What did Luther do with the Papal Bull on Dec. 10, 1520?

He burns it

Know about Luther's trial before Charles V at the Diet of Worms.

- Charles V summons Luther to come under a safe conduct. (same as Jon huss) it is in Worms.

- He goes into the assembly hall. He is immediately intimidated but the presence of the personalities there.

- Inquisition. If he doesn't renounce them, he is in trouble.

- April 18th - "I cannot retract, and I will not retract. To go against the conscience is neither safe nor right. God help me. Amen"

- The Emperor proceeds against Luther as a heretic. Charles honor the contract. He has time to go back. 21 days. Luther goes home but never makes it to Wittenberg.

What significant work did Luther accomplish while he was in hiding at the Wartburg Castle?

German translation of the New Testament

In what way was Luther's hermeneutic of reform regarding church organization and worship different from most of the other reformers?

Magisterial reformer. Only bound (in worship) by what is forbidden in scripture. "if it doesn't say 'don't do it' you can" other guys say "only allowed to do what bible says you CAN do

~Congregational Singing Important

-Luther Wrote a mighty fortress

~Significance of Sermon

What are the "normative" and "regulative" principles?

- Normative - what's not forbidden is allowed (martin)

- Regulative - what's not allowed is forbidden