Exam 1 BIO 141 NVCC

study of the functions of the body parts

physiology

increase in body size without change in shape

growth

movement of substances from place to place in body fluids

circulation

change in the position of the body or a body part; motion of an internal organ

movement

study of the structure of body parts

anatomy

breakdown of food into simpler substances

digestion

obtaining oxygen, using oxygen in releasing energy from foods and removing carbon dioxide

respiration

passage of digestive products through membranes and into body fluids

absorption

(1) movement; (2) responsiveness; (3) growth; (4) reproduction; (5) respiration; (6) digestion; (7) absorption; (8) circulation; (9) assimilation; (10) excretion

life (10 characteristics)

changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

assimilation

production of new organisms and new cells

reproduction

reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body

responsiveness

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

excretion

(1) subatomic particles; (2) atom; (3) molecule; (4) macromolecule; (5) organelle; (6) cell; (7) tissue; (8) organ; (9) organ system; (10) organism

life (10 levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex)

needed by living organisms for breathing

atmospheric pressure

(1) body temperature; (2) blood pressure measurement; (3) monitoring rate and type of pulse; (4) breathing movements

vital signs (4)

needed by living organisms to supply the energy and raw materials for the production of living matter and for the regulation of vital reactions

food

needed by living organisms to help release energy from food substances

oxygen

needed by living organisms to circulate the blood

hydrostatic pressure

needed by living organisms for breathing and to circulate the blood

pressure

needed by living organisms for 3 metabolic processes: (1) as a medium for metabolic reactions; (2) to transport substances; and (3) to regulate body temperature

water

needed by living organisms to help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions

heat

(1) water; (2) food; (3) oxygen; (4) heat; (5) pressure

life (5 requirements)

observable body functions that reflect metabolic activities essential for life

vital signs (definition)

(1) heart; (2) arteries; (3) capillaries; (4) veins

cardiovascular system (4 organs)

(1) to move blood through blood vessels; (2) transport substances throughout the body

cardiovascular system (functions)

(1) mouth; (2) tongue; (3) teeth; (4) pharynx; (5) salivary glands; (6) esophagus; (7) stomach; (8) liver; (9) gallbladder; (10) pancreas; (11) small intestine; (12) large intestine

digestive system (12 organs)

(1) to receive food; (2) to break down food; (3) to absorb food; (4) eliminate unabsorbed material

digestive system (4 functions)

glands that secrete hormones: (1) pituitary gland; (2) thyroid gland; (3) parathyroid glands; (4) adrenal glands; (5) pancreas; (6) ovaries; (7) testes; (8) pineal gland; (9) thymus

endocrine system (9 organs)

to control metabolic activities of body structures

endocrine system (function)

(1) to produce and maintain egg cells; (2) receive sperm cells; (3) support the development of an embryo; (4) function in the birth process

female reproductive system (4 functions)

(1) ovaries; (2) uterine tubes; (3) uterus; (4) vagina; (5) clitoris; (6) vulva

female reproductive system (6 organs)

(1) to protect tissues; (2) regulate body temperature; (3) support sensory receptors

integumentary system (3 functions)

(1) skin; (2) hair; (3) nails; (4) sweat glands; (5) sebaceous glands

integumentary system (5 organs)

(1) to return tissue fluid to the blood; (2) carry certain absorbed food molecules; (3) defend the body against infection

lymphatic system (3 functions)

(1) lymphatic vessels; (2) lymph nodes; (3) thymus; (4) spleen

lymphatic system (4 organs)

(1) to produce and maintain sperm cells; (2) transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract

male reproductive system (2 functions)

(1) scrotum; (2) testes; (3) epididymides; (4) ductus deferentia; (5) bulbourethral glands; (6) seminal vesicles; (7) prostate

male reproductive system (7 organs)

(1) to provide the forces that cause body movement; (2) maintain posture; (3) serve as a main source of body heat

muscular system (3 functions)

muscles

muscular system (organs)

(1) to detect changes; (2) receive and interpret sensory information; (3) stimulate muscles and glands

nervous system (3 functions

(1) brain; (2) spinal cord; (3) nerves; (4) sense organs

nervous system (4 organs)

(1) integumentary system; (2) skeletal system; (3) muscular system; (4) nervous system; (5) endocrine system; (6) cardiovascular system; (7) lymphatic system; (8) digestive system; (9) respiratory system; (10) urinary system; (11) reproductive system

organ systems of the human body (11)

(1) to take in and release air; (2) to exchange gases between the air and the blood

respiratory system (2 functions)

(1) nasal cavity; (2) pharynx; (3) larynx; (4) trachea; (5) bronchi: (6) lungs

respiratory system (6 organs)

(1) bones; (2) ligaments; (3) cartilages

skeletal system (3 organs)

(1) to provide body framework; (2) protect soft tissues; (3) provide attachments for muscles; (4) produce blood cells; (5) store inorganic salts

skeletal system (5 functions)

(1) remove wastes from the blood; (2) maintain water and electrolyte balance; (3) store urine; (4) transport urine

urinary system (4 functions)

(1) kidneys; (2) ureters; (3) urinary bladder; (4) urethra

urinary system (4 organs)

houses the brain

cranial cavity

maintenance of a stable internal environment

homeostasis

contains the middle ear bones

middle ear cavity

located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; several air-filled sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity

nasal cavity

maintains homeostasis; a self-regulating control mechanism that can receive information about changes away from the normal set point and cause reactions that tend to return conditions to normal

negative feedback

contains the teeth and tongue

oral (buccal) cavity

buccal cavity (synonym)

oral cavity (synonym)

contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

orbital cavity

changes occur that stimulate other similar changes (as occur in blood clotting and milk production), causing short-lived movement away from the homeostatic state (normal state); some of these loops are involved in disease states

positive feedback

cavities in the head

sinuses

vertebral canal (synonym)

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of the vertebrae

spinal cavity (vertebral canal)

thorax (synonym)

thoracic cavity (synonym)

(1) pleural cavities (right and left) that contain lungs; (2) pericardial cavity that contains heart

thorax (2 cavities)

(1) thoracic cavity (thorax); (2) abdominopelvic cavity

trunk cavity (2 cavities)

forms the partition that separates the thorax from the abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

forms the partition that separates the thorax into two compartments that contain the right and left lungs; the partition is made up of thoracic organs (heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus)

mediastinum

(1) pleural membranes; (2) pericardial membrane; (3) peritoneal membranes

membranes associated with body cavities (3)

membrane that lines the body wall in the area of the heart

parietal pericardium

membrane that lines the body wall in the abdomen

parietal peritoneum

membrane that lines the body wall in the area of the lungs

parietal pleura

(1) mediastinum; (2) diaphragm

partitions associated with body cavities (2)

membranes associated with the heart

pericardial membranes

(1) parietal pericardium; (2) visceral pericardium

pericardial membranes (2)

membranes associated with the abdomen

peritoneal membranes

(1) parietal peritoneum; (2) visceral peritoneum

peritoneal membranes (2)

membranes associated with the lungs

pleural membranes

(1) parietal pleura; (2) visceral pleura

pleural membranes (2)

membrane that covers the heart

visceral pericardium

membrane that covers the body organs in the abdomen

visceral peritoneum

membrane that covers the lungs

visceral pleura

ventral (synonym)

anterior (synonym)

means toward the front

anterior (ventral)

pertains to opposite sides

contralateral

describes parts that are more internal

deep

means a particular body part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part

distal

means a part is below another part, or toward the feet

inferior

pertains to the same side

ipsilateral

means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline

lateral

relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves; a part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part

medial

means toward the back

posterior (dorsal)

dorsal (synonym)

posterior (synonym)

describes a part the is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part

proximal

means situated near the surface

superficial (peripheral)

peripheral (synonym)

superficial (synonym)

means a part is above another part, or closer to the head

superior

(1) right upper quadranth (RUQ); (2) right lower quadranth (RLQ); (3) left upper quadranth (LUQ); (4) left lower quadranth (LLQ)

abdomen (4 quadranths)

1) right hypochondriac region; (2) epigastric region; (3) left hypochondriac region; (4) right lumbar region; (5) umbilical region; (6) left lumbar region; (7) right iliac (inguinal) region; (8) hypogastric region; (9) left iliac (inguinal) region

abdomen (9 regions from right to left ad superior to inferior)

a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

coronal (frontal) section

frontal section (synonym)

coronal section (synonym)

a lengthwise cut

longitudinal section