9th Grade History Final

define imperialism

the policy from one country that includes exerting economic, political, or military control over a weaker country or region - often with the goal of gaining resources or other benefits from the controlled country

define annex/annexation

to take possession of a territory, adding it to your own territory

define expansionism

focuses on expanding a country’s territory often through annexation

define territory/colony

an area of land that is controlled by a country, but is not officially part of the country

three reasons why the U.S. got involved in the Spanish-American war and invaded cuba

spain blew up ship, Maine

Cubans were poorly treated

increase power and expand

who did the americans form an alliance with during the spanish-american war?

great britain, cuba, japan

What was Emilio Aguinaldo’s expectation for the Philippines after the Spanish were defeated?

march hand in hand into Manilla with US troops

After the defeat of the Spanish, what did the Americans do with the Philippines? How did the Filipinos react?

annex

upset

the 4 M.A.I.N. causes of WW1, and what they each mean

militarism - the belief that a gov must maintain a strong military and be prepared to use it

alliance - multiple nations that partnered and teamed up to help each other in case of war

imperialism - competition between imperialist powers for control of territories. a stronger country using political, economic, or military power to control a weaker country

nationalism - tremendous pride and loyalty for your country

What happened to Archduke Franz Ferdinand? How did this spark the outbreak of WW1

assassinated by serbians who didn’t support the annexation

austria-hungary immediately declared war, allies with each party just fought

What major countries made up the Allies? What major countries made up the Central Powers?

allied - great britain, france, russia, italy, US

Central Powers - germany, austria-hungary, Ottoman Empire

What were the purposes of Trenches during WW1?

to shield soldiers from enemy fire by hunkering down the ground level

What were the differences between the German trenches and the British/French trenches? Why were the trenches built differently?

german - more comfortable

british/french - basic

British/French believed that the fighting wouldn’t last long, so there was no point in making it nice.

What is the overall attitude that soldiers had about life in the trenches?

sad

When the war first broke out, describe how America felt about joining the war

neutral; didn’t want to join

Describe what the Zimmerman Telegram proposed

proposed that Mexico join the war and attack the US

How did Woodrow Wilson and Americans react to the Zimmerman Telegram?

upset, declared war four days later

Why was the Selective Service Act made and what did it require?

required all men between 21-20 to register to draft

Right before the beginning of the war, what things were American businesses normally producing? Why did this have to change after America joined the war?

before - cars, bikes, stoves

after - ships, airplanes, guns, and ammo

Why did the government pass the espionage and sedition acts?

in order to prevent sabotage/spying

Who were the Harlem Hellfighters? Why are they well known?

all-black army - well known for bravery and combat skills

Know how the Harlem Hellfighters were treated during WW1

humiliated; degraded; racism,’got nothing from their bravery; no assistance, money, job from US; were tossed away to the French because they were “useless”

What are the 4 word choices that can show bias and what do they mean?

extreme positive - says only good things, no negatives

extreme negative - says only negative things, no positives

silence - intentionally leaving out important info

obvious errors - false based, obvious lying

What happened to major empires (Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian) after the war?

collapsed

What is the League of Nations? What three things did Wilson believe the League could be committed to?

international organization created to prevent wars

fostering international cooperation. providing security, ensure lasting peace

Why were American Congressmen opposed to joining the League of Nations? Did the United States end up joining the League of Nations?

costly and put the us defenseless

no

What is appeasement and why did Britain/France use it relating to Germany?

giving in to an aggressor’s demands to avoid conflict

Britain and France used appeasement with Germany in the 1930s, allowing Hitler to take land (like the Sudetenland) to avoid another war, since both countries were still recovering from WWI

What was the Munich pact/agreement? What was the outcome of this pact?

an agreement between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy allowing Hitler to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia

Hitler got the land without a fight, but soon broke the agreement by taking the rest of Czechoslovakia

What agreement did the Soviet Union and Germany agree to? What was the secret part of this agreement?

Non-Aggression Pact - no attack each other

agreed to divide Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them

The invasion of what country is considered the official start of WW2?

poland

What military strategy did the Nazi’s utilize as they invaded Europe?

Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”)—a fast, powerful attack using planes, tanks, and infantry to overwhelm enemies quickly

What was the Battle of Britain? How did it turn out?

Germany’s air attack on Britain, aiming to gain air control before a planned invasion

defeated the Germans

What was Japan’s economy focused on and what limitations did it have?

manufacturing; lacked natural resources for it

After the attack, how did Americans feel about the war? What did the U.S. Government do in response?

wanted to join the war, united

declared war

How were Japanese Americans viewed by the public and the government after the attack on Pearl Harbor?

people believed they were spies in the community and/or were secretly loyal to japan

What did Roosevelt’s executive order do and how did it impact the lives and economic situation of Japanese Americans?

forced relocation of 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry

really bad, lost $2-5 bil

What is the definition of Total War?

a type of warfare that uses all resources of society to fight the war, is unrestricted in the weapons/strategies used, and is destructive for both military and civilian targets

How did total war impact the lives of civilians?

became victims

Describe what Operation Overlord is (what countries are involved, what actions are being taken, the impacts)

allies take back france,

planted false info, dropped bombs on german airfields to mislead,

rescheduled, drowned, heavy resistance

successful

How did the end of the Third Reich occur?

germany was surrounded; Hitler wanted to use the scorched-earth policy, minister of war production declined, sating it would lead to too much suffering and death; hitler committed suicide so germany surrendered

What two cities end up being struck by the atomic bombs? What country dropped the atomic bombs?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Who was the president that made the decision to drop the atomic bombs?

Truman

Know the different narratives that both America and Japan have about the atomic bombs

america - effective, ended war, saved Americans

japan - tragic

What three goals did Hitler push for in his book “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle)?

territorial expansion, a racially pure state, elimination of european jews

How did the 1935 Nuremberg Laws impact Jews living in Germany?

marriages between Jews and not jews were forbidden

citizenship to “pure” germans only

How was the relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s? Why did this change during WW2?

unlikely, especially since soviet union allied with germany

hated germany, teamed up, became allies

What economic system does the U.S. follow? What about the Soviet Union?

US - capitalism

Soviet Union - Communism

What are the three reasons we studied for why the Cold War began?

unequal war costs, lack of trust, ideological differences

What is the goal of the United Nations?

promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries and prevent future wars.

What was the goal of the Marshall Plan?

rebuild europe, fix economies, stop the spread of communism

What happened to Germany after WW2? Who controlled what?

split in half, west - uk, france, us; east - soviet union; west - democratic, east - communist

Describe the policy of containment

stop the spread of communism by supporting countries resisting soviet influence

Describe what happened to nuclear stockpiles in both the US and the USSR after the USSR successfully tested their first atomic bomb? Why did this happen?

both countries began building up huge nukes, like a race

each side wanted to maintain power and prevent the other from gaining an advantage

What is NATO? Who led it? What did the Soviets create in response to NATO?

military alliance formed in 1949 by the U.S. and its allies to defend against Soviet aggression

US

USSR created the Warsaw Pact with its allies in Eastern Europe

What was the domino theory?

if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow

Who did the US support in the conflict between France and Vietnam? Who won that conflict?

France and later the anti-communist South Vietnamese

communist North Vietnam

Know the key differences between North and South Korea

North Korea - communist, backed by the USSR and China

South Korea - Democratic/capitalist, back by the US and western allies

Know the definition of “proxy war” and how it relates to the Cold War

A proxy war is when two major powers (like the U.S. and USSR) support opposing sides in a conflict without fighting each other directly. Many Cold War conflicts, like in Korea and Vietnam, were proxy wars.

What was the result of the Korea War?

remained divided

What was the Red Scare focused on?

ear of communism spreading inside the U.S., leading to accusations, investigations, and blacklisting of suspected communists

Where was the Berlin Wall constructed? Why was it constructed?

middle of berlin, germany; to prevent east germans fleeing to the west

Know the two major reforms that Gorbachev implemented

perestraka - restructure soviet economy by introducing limited free-market elements

glasnost -openness, no military intervention, people spoke out now

After the Soviet Union collapsed, what happened to the countries that were previously under Soviet control?

turned to democracy and capitalism