issue related to Type I errors. When researchers obtain non-sig results, they tend not to submit them for publication, or if they do submit them, journal editors/reviewers tend not to accept them. As a consequence, the published literature fails to contain a full representation of the + & - findings abt a research q. Researchers end up putting these non-significant results away in a file drawer (or nowadays, in a folder on their hard drive). Difficult bc result of trad conduct & publish scientific research.