practical patho

What are the microscopic features of chronic pyelonephritis?

Some glomeruli are totally sclerotic. Tubules are atrophic and may show thyroidization.

What are the gross features of hydronephrosis?

The kidney and ureter are enlarged with a lobulated outer surface and dilated renal calyces.

Enumerate the c/s of hydronephrosis

Renal calyces: Are dilated to form thin walled sacs & variable in size and shape size - Communicate with each other and the renal pelvis. • Renal tissue in between : Atrophied & appears as thin rim.

What are the gross features of pyonephrosis, the size is ….. , the capsule is…….,the outer surface……..., the cut section is…….?

-Size: increase- Capsule: Thick and adherent with decortication.- Outer surface: Irregular- Cut surface: • Thin atrophic cortex. • Dilated calyces communicating with each other and with dilated pelvis.

What are the components of an angiomyolipoma?

Composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle cells, and fat tissue.

What are the main features of renal oncocytoma?

Large tumor with a central scar

What are microscopic features of renal cell carcinoma?

Benign cells are called Oncocytes (reddish granular cells which are rich in mitochondria)

What are the microscopic features of Wilm's tumor?

Contains sarcomatous and carcinomatous elements with spindle cell stroma.

What are the microscopic features of seminoma?

Sheets of spermatogenic cells with clear cytoplasm separated by fibrous septa.

What are the features of an endocervical polyp?

Finger-like projections covered by columnar mucin-secreting epithelium.

What are the microscopic features of HSIL?

Normal squamous epithelium replaced by basaloid cells with loss of polarity.

What are the microscopic features of adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix?

Neoplastic columnar cells with stratification, nuclear enlargement, and hyperchromasia.

What are the features of endometrial hyperplasia?

Increased gland-to-stroma ratio with proliferative glands of variable size.

What are the gross features of leiomyoma?

Well-circumscribed, whorled, grayish-white, fleshy cut surface.

What are the features of a corpus luteum cyst?

Cystic dilatation of corpus luteum, usually single and unilocular with yellow walls.

What are the features of a chocolate cyst?

Cysts filled with dark brown fluid containing endometrial glands and hemorrhage.

What are the features of benign mucinous cystadenoma?

Cyst with smooth lining, viscous mucoid fluid, usually unilateral.

What are the features of a mature cystic teratoma?

Cystic, filled with greasy sebaceous secretion and hair, contains mature tissues from germ layers.

What are the microscopic features of dysgerminoma?

Nests of large polygonal tumor cells with clear cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli.

What are the microscopic features of fibrocystic disease of the breast?

Adenosis, fibrosis, cyst formation, epitheliosis, and apocrine metaplasia.

What are the patterns of DCIS?

Solid, comedocarcinoma, and cribriform patterns.

What are the features of invasive duct carcinoma (NOS)?

Ill-defined, greyish-white hard mass, with tubules and sheets of malignant cells.

What are the microscopic features of invasive lobular carcinoma?

Cords of small, uniform malignant cells in an 'Indian file' pattern.

What are the types and features of fibroadenoma?

Mixed tumor of epithelial-lined ducts and fibrous tissue, pericanalicular and intracanalicular types.

What are the microscopic features of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Hyperplasia of acini and fibromuscular stroma with cystically dilated glands.

What is the microscopic reaction in bilharziasis of the urinary bladder?

Granulomatous reaction with a variety of immune cells surrounding bilharzial ova.