Integrated Health Science (IHS) Semester 2 Final Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical directions, body planes, integumentary system components, circulatory and respiratory structures, and vital signs based on the semester 2 IHS study guide.

Anatomical Position

The standard body reference position characterized by being upright with palms up, distinguishing right vs. left.

Sagittal Plane

One of the three anatomical planes used to describe sections of the body.

Frontal/Coronal Plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into front and back portions.

Transverse Plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into top and bottom portions.

Anterior/Ventral

Anatomical directional term referring to the front of the body.

Posterior/Dorsal

Anatomical directional term referring to the back of the body.

Superior

Anatomical directional term meaning toward the head or upper part of a structure.

Inferior

Anatomical directional term meaning away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.

Medial

Anatomical directional term meaning toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Anatomical directional term meaning away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Anatomical directional term meaning nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk.

Distal

Anatomical directional term meaning farther from the point of attachment or the trunk.

Superficial

Anatomical directional term meaning toward or at the body surface.

Deep

Anatomical directional term meaning away from the body surface; more internal.

Prone

The body position where a person is lying face down.

Supine

The body position where a person is lying face up.

Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors in the skin that respond to physical touch or pressure.

Thermoreceptors

Sensory receptors in the skin that respond to changes in temperature.

Melanin

A dark pigment produced by melanocytes that gives skin its color.

Keratin

A fibrous protein produced by keratinocytes that provides structure and protection to the skin.

Sebum

An oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands.

Peristalsis

The movement of food through the digestive system caused by involuntary muscle contractions.

Universal Donor

Blood type $O-$ which is considered compatible with most other blood types.

Red Blood Cells

Blood cells that carry oxygen and $CO_2$ waste throughout the body.

White Blood Cells

A group of cells that protects the body from infection and fights pathogens.

Platelets

Clotting cells responsible for stopping bleeding and helping form clots at the site of a cut.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and contain one-way valves.

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

Trachea

The windpipe which branches into $2$ primary bronchi.

Alveoli

The structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs that assists in breathing.

Vital Capacity

The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation.

Auscultation

The term for listening to the internal sounds of a human or animal body.

René Laennec

The individual in France credited with inventing the stethoscope in $1816$.

Monaural

Refers to sound being delivered to $1$ ear.

Binaural

Refers to sound being delivered to $2$ ears.

Normal Heart Rate

A pulse ranging between $60$ and $100$ beats per minute.

Tachycardia

A condition in which the heart beats abnormally fast.

Bradycardia

A condition in which the heart beats abnormally slow.

Sphygmomanometer

Equipment used in conjunction with a stethoscope to measure blood pressure.

Pulse Oximeter

A device that works by shining light through the skin (earlobe or fingertip) to measure oxygen saturation.

Normal Temperature

A body temperature of $98.6 \text{ degrees}$; values of $100.4 \text{ degrees}$ and up are considered elevated.

Hypothalamus

A structure in the brain that acts as the body's thermostat to regulate core temperature.