Anatomy E4: LE

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How many regions are in the lower limb? What are they?

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72 Terms

1

How many regions are in the lower limb? What are they?

6

-gluteal, femoral, knee, leg, ankle, foot

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2

What is the main function of the pelvic girdle?

transfer weight of upper body

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3

How many bones make up the bony pelvis?

3 fused bones

-R hip, L hip, and sacrum

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4

Which 3 bones fuse to form the hip bones

ilium, ischium, pubis

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5

Where on the hip articulates with the femur?

acetabulum

-formed by ilium (superior), pubis (anterior), and ischium (post-inferior)

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6

Which bone forms the posteroinferior part of the acetabulum and hip bone?

ischium

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7

What two features are unique to the ilium?

iliac crest and ASIS

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8

What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body (approx. ¼ person’s height)?

femur

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9

Features of the proximal end of the femur:

femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter

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10

Features of the distal end of the femur:

lateral and medial epicondyles, lateral and medial condyles, patellar surface

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11

What is the linea aspera?

line on the posterior shaft of the femur

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12

What supplies blood to the femoral head?

medial femoral circumflex a.

-disruption of supply leads to avascular necrosis

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13

What is another word for femoral neck fracture?

broken hip

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14

Describe the patella:

large triangular shaped sesamoid bone

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15

How is the patella attached to the quadriceps?

superior attachment - tendons of quadriceps

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16

Describe the tibia:

larger for weight bearing, medial

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17

Tibia features:

medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity

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18

What is the medial malleolus?

medial projection on distal aspect of tibia

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19

Describe the fibula:

lies posterolateral to tibia; not involved with weight bearing

-major function is for muscle attachment

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20

What does the knee joint stability depend on?

muscle/tendon strength and ligaments connecting femur-tibia

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21

What are the ligaments of the knee?

LAMP

-lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

-anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

-medial collateral ligament (MCL)

-posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

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22

role of the ACL

prevents hyperextension and posterior displacement

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23

role of the PCL

prevents hyperflexion and anterior displacement of femur

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24

What is the role of the meniscus?

protects the tibia and femur from rubbing on each other (shock absorption)

-both lateral and medial (know locations)

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25

Where does the meniscus lie?

tibial plateau

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26

Define bursae:

fluid-filled sac where the muscle or tendon slides across bone

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27

Name the bursae of the knee

suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar -deep, infrapatellar -superficial

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28

What are the bones of the foot?

tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14) 3 for each digit except for great toe (2)

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29

What are the 7 tarsals?

calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform

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30

Talus role

bears body weight, transmitted from tibia

articulates anteriorly with navicular bone

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31

location of the cuboid

most lateral bone in distal row of tarsus, articulates with 2 metatarsals

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32

deltoid ligament

medial, stabilizes during eversion and prevents subluxation

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33

lateral ankle ligaments

CAP

calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)

posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)

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34

1st metatarsal

shorter, stouter

significant role in supporting weight of body

-has sesamoid bones

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35

which metatarsal is the longest?

2nd metatarsal

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36

1st digit of the foot:

great toe -has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal)

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37

Metatarsophalageal joints

MTPs -between metatarsals and phalanges

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38

Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh, hip flexors, and knee extensors?

femoral nerve

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39

what 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstrings)?

biceps femoris m., semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m.

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40

Which 4 muscles make up the quadriceps femurs?

rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus medialis m.

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41

What is the longest muscle in the body? (know as the “tailor’s muscle)

sartorius m. (crosses two joints (hip & knee))

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42

What is collectively the most powerful muscle in the body?

Quadricep muscles

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43

What nerve is the primary innervation for the medial compartment of the thigh?

obturator n.

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44

What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?

adductor longus m., adductor brevis m., adductor Magnus m., gracilis m., obturator externus m.

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45

What is the most superficial muscle on the medial thigh?

Gracilis m.

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46

What is the femoral triangle bounded by?

Inguinal ligament (superiorly) (forms the base)

Sartorius m. (laterally)

Adductor longus m. (medially)

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47

What is the femoral triangle?

subfascial space located in the anterosuperior 1/3 of the thigh

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48

When and where is the femoral triangle visible?

when: visible when the thigh is abducted, flexed, and laterally rotated

where: triangular depression inferior to the inguinal ligament

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49

What muscles compose the floor of the femoral triangle?

medially - pectinous and adductor longus

laterally - iliopsoas

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50

Contents of the femoral triangle

NAVeL

femoral Nerve, femoral Artery, femoral Vein, deep inguinal Lymph nodes

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51

What does the femoral sheath hold?

encloses femoral vessels, not nerves

creates a canal for the femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral canal

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52

Where does the femoral sheath lie?

deep to the inguinal ligament

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53

What is the chief artery of the lower limb?

femoral artery

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54

What is the chief artery of the thigh?

profunda femoris artery

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55

What are the branches of the profunda femoris artery?

medial circumflex femoral artery (femoral head)

lateral circumflex femoral artery (lateral thigh)

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56

Venous drainage of the lower limb

greater saphenous v., femoral v., external iliac v., common iliac v.

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57

What is the function of the sciatic nerve?

supplies most of the leg and foot muscles

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58

Where does the sciatic nerve split? What does it split into?

divides into tibial and common fibular (perineal) nerves in popliteal fossa

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59

Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis?

exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen

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60

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

biceps femoris m. (superior lateral)

Semimembranosus m. & semitendinosus m. (superior medial)

gastrocnemius m. (inferolateral and inferomedial)

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61

What is the popliteal fossa?

triangular space posterior to the knee

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62

What does the popliteal fossa contain?

small saphenous v., popliteal artery & vein, sciatic n.

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63

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

tibialis anterior m., extensor digitorum longus m., extensor hallucis longus m., peroneus (fibularis) tertius m.

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64

What is in the lateral compartment of the leg?

peroneus (fibularis) longus m. , peroneus (fib) brevis m., superficial peroneal n.

-NO arteries course through lateral compartment

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65

Where does the superficial perineal n. most commonly get injured? What does this lead to?

most often injured in the lower limb; results in foot drop, loss of dorsiflexion of ankle

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66

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

tibial nerve

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67

superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

gastrocnemius m., soleus m., plantaris m.

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68

deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

popliteus m., flexor hallucis longus m., flexor digitorum longus m., tibialis posterior m.

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69

Where can the dorsalis pedis artery be palpated?

lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

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70

Where does inversion of the ankle occur?

occurs at the subtalar joint

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71

What muscles are involved with inversion of the ankle?

tibialis anterior m. and tibialis posterior m.

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72

What muscles are involved with eversion of the ankle?

peroneus longus m. and peroneus brevis m.

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