Exam 2 A&P pgs. 4-6 (not including ch.8)

what is red bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue)?

blood-forming tissue

what cavities in infants contain red marrow?

medullary cavities

what kind of bone in infants contain red marrow?

spongey bone

in adults what marrow replaces red marrow?

yellow marrow

where is red marrow found in adults?

cavities between trabeculae of spongy bone

where is red marrow located?

heads of femur and humerus

where is hematopoietic tissue most active?

flat bones of skull and sternum, ribs, clavicles, scapulae, hip bones or vertebrae

how can yellow marrow change in adults?

can convert to red if anemic

what is endochondral ossification?

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage model

where does endochondral ossification begin?

primary ossification center in center of cartilage shaft

how does interstitial bone growth affect long bones?

long bones grow lengthwise by interstitial growth of epiphyseal plate

what does interstitial growth require?

epiphyseal cartilage in epiphyseal plate

what does the epiphyseal plate do?

maintains constant thickness

how is the rate of cartilage growth balanced?

bone replacement

what do bones do becauseof appositional growth?

thickness increases

when do bones stop growing?

near the end of adolescence

what bones continue to grow slowly through life?

facial bones

what does growth hormone (GH) stimulate?

epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

what is the function of thyroid hormone?

modulates activity of growth hormone

what do estrogens stimulate?

adolescent growth spurth

in males, what does estrogen convert to?

testosterone

what is unique about the hyoid bone?

the only bone in the body that does not directly articulate with another bone

What is C1-C7 referred to in the vertebral column?

cervical vertebrae

What is T1-T12 referred to in the vertebral column?

thoracic vertebrae

What is L1-L5 referred to in the vertebral column?

lumbar curvature

what forms the sacrum?

one bone, formed from the fusion of several bones, articulates with the hip

what forms the coccyx?

fused bones that form terminus of the column

what forms the sternum?

ribs laterally, thoracic vertebrae, sternum and coastal cartilages anteriorly

what are important landmarks of the sternum?

jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint

what pairs of the ribs are true ribs?

1-7

what pairs of the ribs are false ribs?

8-10

what pairs of the ribs are vertebral ribs?

11-12

where do true ribs attach?

directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages

where do false ribs attach?

indirectly to the sternum by joining costal cartilage of the rib above

where do vertebral ribs attach?

no attachment to the sternum

what is the equivalent of the pectoral girdle?

shoulder girdle

what does the pectoral girdle consist of?

clavicles and scapulae

how do collarbones articulate with the sternum?

medially

how do collarbones articulate with the scapula?

laterally

how do collarbones interact with muscles?

collarbones act as an anchor point for muscles

how do collarbones aid the scapulae?

it acts as a brace

what is the glenoid cavity?

lateral cavity where the head if humerus rests; part of the shoulder joint

what is the acromion?

the lateral projection that articulates with the acromial end of clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint

what is the coracoid process?

anterior projection that anchors bicep muscle of the arm

what is the suprascapular notch?

opening for nerves

what is the humerus?

the only bone of the arm

how would you describe the humerus?

the largest and longest bone of the upper limb

how does the humerus articulate with the glenoid cavity?

superiorly

how does the humerus articulate with the radius and ulna?

inferiorly

what bone features are found in the humerus?

head, surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercles

what is the ulna?

the medial bone in the forearm

the proximal end of the ulna articulates with what?

humerus and radius

what does the ulna form?

a major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus

what does the distal end of the ulna articulate with?

the radius at radioulnar joint

what does the interosseous membrane of the ulna do?

connects the radius and ulna along their length

what are bone features of the ulna?

olecraneon and coronoid process, radial notch

how would you describe the radius?

the lateral bone in the forearm

what does the proximal end of the radius articulate with?

humerus and ulna

what does the distal end of the radius articulate with?

the ulna and radioulnar joint

what does the radius form?

the major portion of the wrist joint

what are features of the interosseous membrane?

head, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch

how is the carpus structured?

eight carpal bones in 2 rows

what bones in the carpus form the wrist?

scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum bones

what metacarpal bones form the palm?

bones 1-5 from thumb to little finger

what articulates with the carpals?

bases

what articulates with the proximal phalanges?

heads

what is the pollex?

the thumb

what are the phalanges?

fingers, digits

how many bones does the pollex have?

2

what is the pelvic girdle also referred to as?

hip girdle

what forms the pelvic girdle?

2 bones called the coxal bones and the sacrum

what do the hip bones articulate with?

sacrum at the sacroiliac joints

what is the function of the pelvic girdle?

transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs

the pelvic girdle supports what?

pelvic organs

how would you describe the mobility and stability of the hip girdle?

less moblie but more stable than the shoulder joint

what 3 bones form the coxal bones?

the ilium, ishium and pubis

what deep socket receives the head of the femur?

acetabulum

how does the pelvic girdle differ between males and females?

the female pelvis is adapted for child bearing

how would you describe the female pelvis?

wider, shallower, lighter and rounder to a male’s

what is the purpose of female pelvis’ differing from males?

to accomodate growing a fetus and being large enough for it to exit at birth

how would you describe the femur?

largest and strongest bone in the body

how does the femur articulate with the acetabulum of the hip?

proximally

how does the femur articulate with the tibia and patella?

distally

what is the patella?

sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon that protects the knee joint

what is the tibia?

the medial leg bone that receives the weight of the body from the femur

what is the function of the tibia?

transmit weight to the foot

what is the purpose of the fibula?

to work with the tibia to stabalize the ankle joint

what bone articulates proximally and distally with the tibia?

the fibula

is the fibula weight bearing?

no

what 2 structures primarily carry the body’s weight?

the talus and calcaneus

what is the calcaneal tuberosity?

part that touches the ground

how many metatarsal bones are there?

five ( I to V from hallux to little toe)

what is the hallux?

digit 1 (great toe)