L3 Organics Reaction Schemes

Conditions to convert an alkane to haloalkane

Cl₂ or Br₂, UV light

Conditions to convert an alkene to alkane

H₂, Pt catalyst, heat

Reagent to convert an alkene to dibromoalkane

Br₂

Conditions to convert an alkene to alcohol

H₂O / H⁺, heat

Conditions to convert a haloalkane to alcohol

KOH(aq), heat/reflux

Conditions to convert a haloalkane to alkene

Alcoholic KOH, heat

Conditions to convert a haloalkane to amine

NH₃ in ethanol, heat

Conditions to convert a primary alcohol to aldehyde

Cr₂O₇²⁻ / H⁺, controlled heating and distillation

Conditions to convert a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

Cr₂O₇²⁻ / H⁺, reflux

Conditions to convert a secondary alcohol to ketone

Cr₂O₇²⁻ / H⁺, heat

Reagent to reduce an aldehyde to primary alcohol

NaBH₄

Reagent to reduce a ketone to secondary alcohol

NaBH₄

Conditions to convert an alcohol to alkene

Concentrated H₂SO₄, heat

Conditions to convert carboxylic acid + alcohol to ester

Concentrated H₂SO₄, heat

Conditions to convert carboxylic acid to acid chloride

SOCl₂, reflux

Conditions to convert an ester to carboxylic acid + alcohol

H₂O / H⁺, heat

Conditions to convert an ester to carboxylate ion + alcohol

NaOH, heat

Conditions to convert an acid chloride to ester

Alcohol, usually with appropriate heating

Conditions to convert acid chloride to amide

NH₃

Conditions to form a polyester from diol + dicarboxylic acid

Heat; condensation polymerisation

Conditions to form a polyamide from diamine + dicarboxylic acid/derivative

Heat; condensation polymerisation

Reagent and conditions for Cl₂ + UV

Alkane → haloalkane

Reagent and conditions for Br₂

Alkene → dibromoalkane

Reagent and conditions for H₂/Pt

Alkene → alkane

Reagent and conditions for H₂O/H⁺, heat

Alkene → alcohol or ester → carboxylic acid + alcohol, depending on starting material

Reagent and conditions for KOH(aq), heat

Haloalkane → alcohol

Reagent and conditions for Alcoholic KOH + heat

Haloalkane → alkene

Reagent and conditions for NH₃/ethanol, heat

Haloalkane → amine

Reagent and conditions for Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ with controlled heating/distillation

Primary alcohol → aldehyde

Reagent and conditions for Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ with reflux

Primary alcohol → carboxylic acid

Reagent and conditions for Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ with heat

Secondary alcohol → ketone

Reagent and conditions for NaBH₄

Aldehyde → primary alcohol or ketone → secondary alcohol

Reagent and conditions for Concentrated H₂SO₄ + heat

Alcohol → alkene or carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester, depending on the reactants

Reagent and conditions for SOCl₂ + reflux

Carboxylic acid → acid chloride

Reagent and conditions for NaOH + heat

Ester → carboxylate ion + alcohol

Reagent and conditions for PCl₃, SOCl₂ under reflux

Alcohol → haloalkane

Conditions to form a haloalkane from an alcohol

PCl₃ or SOCl₂, reflux