Chapter 13: Blood Circulation and Clotting

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to blood types, circulation, hemostasis, and cardiac function as discussed in Chapter 13.

What characterizes Blood Type A?

Has A antigens on red blood cells and B antibodies.

What characterizes Blood Type B?

Has B antigens on red blood cells and A antibodies.

What characterizes Blood Type AB?

Has AB antigens on red blood cells and NO antibodies.

What characterizes Blood Type O?

Has no antigens on red blood cells and AB antibodies.

What is Hemostasis?

The process of blood clotting which involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clot formation (or coagulation).

What is Systemic Circulation?

Carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

Carries blood between the heart and the lungs.

What is the function of the Left Ventricle?

Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.

What is the SA Node?

The primary pacemaker of the heart.

What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

A condition that can develop if an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby, where the mother develops antibodies against the baby's red blood cells.

What is Myocardium Potential?

The electrical potential that precedes myocardial contraction, characterized by a plateau phase caused by calcium.

What is EPO (Erythropoietin)?

A hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis, primarily produced in the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen.

What promotes Platelet Aggregation?

The process promoted by exposed collagen, von Willebrand factor, ADH, and thrombin.

What activates the Intrinsic Pathway in blood clotting?

Activated by exposed collagen in the blood clotting process.

What activates the Extrinsic Pathway, and what is its role?

Activated by tissue factor, it is a shortcut to clot formation.

What causes Hemophilia A?

A type of hemophilia caused by missing factor eight.

How is Stroke Volume calculated, and what does it represent?

Calculated by EDV minus ESV; the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.

What are Baroreceptors?

Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in blood pressure, initiating a reflex to regulate it.

Describe the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System).

Activates when blood pressure is low. Kidneys secrete renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. ACE then converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

What is ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) and when is it released?

Released when plasma is too salty or dehydrated, it helps regulate blood volume and pressure.

What is Vasoconstriction?

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases resistance and lowers blood flow.

What is Vasodilation?

The widening of blood vessels, which decreases resistance and increases blood flow.

What is Congestive Heart Failure?

A condition characterized by the heart's inability to pump blood efficiently, often leading to fluid retention.

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

The pressure that pushes fluid out of capillaries.

What is Oncotic Pressure?

The pressure that pulls water into the capillaries, caused by plasma proteins.

What is Hypertension and what causes it?

Elevated blood pressure, which can be caused by genetics, diet, or stress.

Compare the functions of the Left vs. Right Heart.

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body, while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What are the functions of the Circulatory System?

Transport, Regulation, & Protection.

What is the Composition of Blood?

Consists of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).

What is the Most Abundant Blood Protein?

Albumin.

What are the Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation?

PG12, NO, and CD39 prevent platelet aggregation in intact blood vessels.

What does the QRS wave represent in an ECG?

Represents ventricular depolarization.

What does the PR interval represent in an ECG?

Represents the time from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of ventricular depolarization.

What does the ST segment represent in an ECG?

Represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

What does the T wave represent in an ECG?

Represents ventricular repolarization.

What is Systole?

The contraction phase of the heart.

What is Diastole?

The period of heart relaxation.

What causes the "Lub" Heart Sound?

Caused by the closing of the AV valves.

What causes the "Dub" Heart Sound?

Caused by the closing of the semi-lunar valves.

What is Isovolumetric Contraction?

The period when ventricles contract but no blood is ejected because all valves are closed.

What is Isovolumetric Relaxation?

The period when ventricles relax but no blood is filling because all valves are closed.

What is Hepcidin?

A hormone from the liver that lowers plasma iron levels.

What generates Prothrombin Activator in blood clotting?

Generated by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the blood clotting process.

What is Hemophilia?

A condition caused by missing clotting factors.

What is the Mechanism of Action of Aspirin?

An inhibitor of platelet activation by blocking COX-1.

How do Citrate/EDTA prevent blood clotting?

Binds to calcium to prevent blood clotting.

How does Heparin prevent blood clotting?

Blocks thrombin to prevent blood clotting.

How do Coumadin/Warfarin prevent blood clotting?

Inhibits vitamin K to prevent blood clotting.

What causes Heart Valve Operation (opening and closing)?

Heart valves open and close due to pressure differences between the chambers.

What is the function of the Bundle of His?

Conducts impulses from the AV node into the interventricular septum.

How is ECG Lead I measured?

Right arm to left arm.

How is ECG Lead II measured?

Right arm to left leg.

How is ECG Lead III measured?

Left arm to left leg.

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

Chaotic atrial activity with no distinct P waves.

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?

Disorganized electrical activity with no effective QRS, requiring defibrillation or CPR.

What characterizes a First-Degree AV Block?

Prolonged PR interval.

What characterizes a Second-Degree AV Block?

Some P waves are not followed by QRS complexes.

What characterizes a Third-Degree AV Block (Complete)?

No conduction from atria to ventricles; atria and ventricles beat independently.

What causes ST Segment Depression?

Caused by ischemia.

What causes ST Segment Elevation?

Caused by a heart attack.

What are Arterioles and what is their function?

Small diameter blood vessels with great resistance, serving as the primary site for blood flow regulation to the capillaries.

What are Capillaries and what is their function?

Single-layer endothelium, serving as the site of exchange for gases, nutrients, and waste.

What are Venules and Veins, and what is their function?

Return blood to the heart; veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

What is Cardiac Output?

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

What is Afterload, Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR), or Systemic Vascular Resistance?

The resistance the blood vessels offer against the flow of blood, or the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.

What is Preload or End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)?

The initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction (more blood in, more blood out).

How is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) calculated?

\text{diastolic pressure} + \frac{1}{3} \text{ of the pulse pressure}

What is Blood Pressure?

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

What are Veins?

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

What are Arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

What is Heart Rate?

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

How is Cardiac Rate and Contractility Extrinsically Regulated?

Regulated by the autonomic nervous system and sympathetic hormones like adrenaline.

What are the Factors Influencing Stroke Volume?

Directly influenced by venous return and the force of ventricular contraction (contractility).

What is the Frank-Starling Law?

The more the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the greater the force of contraction during systole.

What is the Kidneys' Role in Blood Volume Regulation?

Regulate blood volume through filtration, influenced by hormones such as aldosterone and ADH.

What are the Factors Affecting Blood Flow through Vessels?

Primarily vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and the pressure gradient.

How is Peripheral Resistance Regulated?

Regulated intrinsically by local tissue factors and extrinsically by the sympathetic nervous system.

What are the Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Regulation?

Involve baroreceptors, the endocrine system, and the autonomic nervous system.

What is a Sphygmomanometer?

A device used to typically measure blood pressure.

What is Circulatory Shock?

A condition where blood flow is insufficient to meet the body's oxygen needs, resulting from severe blood loss, dehydration, sepsis, or heart failure.

What are the Types of Capillaries?

Continuous (e.g., brain), Fenestrated (with pores, e.g., kidneys), and Sinusoidal (with large gaps, e.g., liver).

What is Endothelin?

Acts as a local (paracrine) vasoconstrictor.

What are Common Hypertension Medications?

Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers.

What are the Factors Affecting Venous Return?

Total blood volume, venous pressure, skeletal muscle pump, breathing, and sympathetic activity.

What is Edema?

Swelling from too much fluid in tissues.

What causes Elephantiasis?

Caused by obstruction of lymphatic drainage due to parasite blockage.

What is Aldosterone and when is it released?

Released from the adrenal cortex when blood pressure or volume is low.

What is the Mechanism of Action of an ACE Inhibitor?

Blocks ACE, preventing angiotensin I conversion into angiotensin II.

What is ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) and what is its function?

Released by the heart atria when stretched/high volume; increases salt and water loss in urine and is antagonistic to aldosterone.

What is Intrinsic Blood Flow Regulation or Autoregulation?

Keeps blood flow steady despite pressure changes.

What are the Types of Circulatory Shock?

Hypovolemic, septic, anaphylactic, cardiogenic, and neurogenic.

What are the Symptoms of Circulatory Shock?

Generally cold