Speech Disorders Exam 2

Difference between norm referenced & criterion referenced

Norm-

• Comparison is used

• There are standardized scores & percentiles to determine how a child performs relative to peers

• Useful for diagnosing speech or language disorders

Criterion-

• Evaluates a child's performance against a predetermined standard or specific area rather than comparing them

• Helpful for identifying specific areas of need & guiding intervention

Advantages & disadvantages of norm-referenced tests

Advantages

• Provides standardized objective data

• Allows for comparison across large groups

• It is often requires for eligibility of services decisions across school districts & clinical settings

Disadvantages

• May not be culturally/linguistically appropriate for some children as it is a bit mainstream

• Does not provide detailed information on specific intervention targets

• Test conditions may not reflect real-world communication skills

What are the key characteristics of criterion referenced assessments>

-Does not compare to a normative sample

-Focuses on individual achievements and how close they reach the specific criteria/benchmark

-Can be customized to the child's need

-Useful for tracking progress overtime

Independent vs. relational analysis in a speech assessment

Independent- Examines a child's speech production without comparing it to adult norms. It considers the sounds and structures the child uses rather than accuracy

Relational- Compares the child's speech to the adult's target form, identifying errors & patterns (phonological processes)

What are some multilingual considerations in speech-language assessment

• Avoid assuming a disorder if differences are due to a bilingual child's language background

• Assess in both languages

• Use dynamic assessment to evaluate learning potential rather than static performance

• Consider cultural & linguisitc factors when interpreting the results

What are the components of a comprehensive speech assessment

-Case history & parents interview

-Hearing screening

-Oral mechanism exam

-Speech sound assessment

-Language & phonological processing evaluation

-Stimulability & intelligibility rating

Purpose of an OME (oral mechanism exam)

-Evaluates the structure & function of the oral mechanism to determine if any abnormalities impact speech, feeding or swallowing

Which cranial nerves are involved in an OME

-Trigeminal

-Facial

-Glossopharyngeal

-Vagus

-Accessory

-Hypoglossal

Information provided by a hearing screening

-Ensures hearing loss is not contributing to speech/language delays

-Differentiates between hearing-related & speech-related issues

Purpose of connected speech sample

-Provides a naturalistic view of a child's speech in conversation

-Reveals coarticulation effects, prosody, & overall intelligibility

Components of Independent analysis

-Accuracy of speech sounds

-Error patterns

-Intelligibility rating

Determining percent consonants correct formula and purpose

(correct consonants/total consonants)*100

Its purpose is used to measure the severity of speech sound disorders

Purpose of a phonetic inventory analysis

Identifies the range of sounds a child can produce, even if used incorrectly

Importance & strengths of Speech sample collection

-Provides insight into natural speech

-Captures errors that may not appear in single-word testing

Definition of age of acquisition

The age at which most children correctly produce a speech sound

Why is it important to screen hearing

Differentiates between speech disorders and hearing related issues, essential for developing an appropriate speech/language assessment, academic success,

What is a phonetic inventory

Identifies all the speech sounds the child can produce, regardless of accuracy

What is a syllable structure analysis

Determines what syllable types (CV,CVC,etc) the child uses

Distribution of sounds

-Examines where in words (initial, medial, final) sounds occur

Components of an independent analysis

-Phonetic inventory

-articulatory features

-syllable structures

-Phonotactic constraints

Components of a Relational analysis

-Phonological process analysis

-Error pattern identification

-whole-word measure analysis

-manner, place, & voicing analysis

-sound by sound traditional analysis

-Percent Consonants correct (PCCs)

Importance & strengths of Speech sample collection

-Captures natural speech patterns

-Provides contexts for errors

-Helps assess intelligibility

What is the purpose of a norm-referenced evaluation

Helps determine whether a child's speech & language skills fall within the expected range

Provide two examples of NR Tests

-Goldman- Fristoe Test of Articulation (GFTA)

-Clinical Evaluation of Language fundamentals (CELF)

What are the three types of scores that can be yielded

-Standard score-comparison to normative sample (Mean=100)

-Percentile rank- indicates relative performance compared to peers

-Z-score- Measures deviation from the mean

Give two examples of phonological erros

Final consonant deletion- “Ca” for “cat”

Velar fronting- “tat” for “cat”

Definition of a criterion referenced evaluation

Assesses performance against specific criteria rather than comparing to peers

What is the purpose of doing a criterion references assessment

-Indentifies strengths and weaknesses in order to guide intervention

L1 impact on L2

Structures from the first language can influence and grammar in the second language

Age of acquisition according to Mcleod & Crowe

-Early sounds- /b,p,m/ by age three

-Later sounds /s,r,th/ by age 6-7

Advantages & disadvantages of CR assessments

Advantages

• Customizable for different populations

• -Provides specific Skill insight

Disadvantages

• Lacks standardized scoring

• May be subjective

Difference vs Disorder

Difference- Follows native language rulings

Disorder- Affects all languages spoken & disrupts communication

What is the percentage for mastery according to McLeod & Crow

90% of children must produce the sound correctly in all positions

Difference between Emergence & Acquisitions

Emergence- When a child first starts using a sound

Acquisition- When the sound is consistently produced correctly