Period 2 - APUSH

Types of charters/colonies

• Corporate colonies (Charter):
  -started as joint stock companies
  -Ex: Jamestown (1607), Rhode Island, MBC

• Royal colonies (Charter):
  -under direct authority of the Crown & Government
  -Crown appointed Governor and Council
  -All profits went to the Crown
  -Ex: Virginia (later became royal colony, and so did others)

• Proprietary colonies (Charter):
  -Maryland and Pennsylvania
  -Individuals granted charters by the Crown

-New England
-Middle Colonies
-Southern Colonies

What was the first English colony?

Jamestown (1607)

Captain John Smith

the first leader of the Jamestown colony

John Rolfe

developed a new variety of tobacco (profitable crop) married Pocahontas

Pocahontas

developed a new variety of tobacco (profitable crop) married John Rolfe

John Calvin

-said that Church of England should break more completely with Rome
-believed in predestination

Predestination

-belief that God has already chosen if one will go to heaven or hell (salvation)

Pilgrims

-also known as Separatists
-went to Holland for religious freedom - ended up in Plymouth
-wanted to separate from the Anglican Church
-Persecuted by James I

Puritans

-wanted to reform/purify the Anglican Church
-Persecuted by Charles I

The Plymouth Colony

-100 sailed on the Mayflower; 65 day voyage to Jamestown but landed in MA (Plymouth Rock)
-formed a new colony, but ½ died in the first year

Captain Miles Standish

-military advisor to the Plymouth Colony
-favored preemptive attacks
-could be brutal to Native Americans

(1st) Great Migration

-English Civil Wars, which was Parliament and King Charles I fighting over control (Parliament won), and those wars led to the 1st Great Migration. and 15,000 moved to the MBC.

Virginia House of Burgesses

-1st representative assembly in America
-colonists could elect reps and have a voice in gov.
-only white, landowning males over 21 could vote
-governor could veto any law
-subject to approval by the Virginia Company
-key role in the American Revolution later

Mayflower Compact

-Pilgrims pledged to follow the will of the majority
-early attempt at self government
-maintain order by general agreement
-only male Puritan freemen could participate in elections

What colony was a haven for Catholics?

Maryland

The Act of Toleration

-religious freedom for all Christians
-death penalty for those denying the divinity of Jesus
-later repealed after fighting between Protestants and Catholics

Reasons for labor shortages in the colonies

-Growing demand for tobacco
-death due to disease
-food shortages
-fighting with Native Americans

Indentured servants

-land owner paid for passage to America
-under contract for 4-7 years
-gained freedom by working for wages
-many bought their own land

Headright System

-50 acres of land to immigrants who paid their own passage
-50 acres to plantation owners who paid for another’s passage

Hereditary slavery and who started it

-House of Burgesses (Virginia) started it
-this means that slavery is based on the mother’s status

The impact of overproduction on (farm) prices

-overproduction lead to low tobacco prices
-economic decline

William Berkeley

-governor of Virginia (dictator)
-ignored small farmers, and gave them little protection from the Native Americans
-focused on large plantation owners than smaller

Bacon's Rebellion

-Nathaniel Bacon lead the rebellion
-was a small farmer with connections
-rebellion against Berkeley’s government
-attacked Indian villages on the frontier
-defeated government forces
-bacon died of dysentery and the rebel army collapsed-some were executed
-led to class differences between small and large landowners
-colonial resistance to royal control

Roger Williams

-founded Rhode Island (Providence)
-Puritan minister
-said that conscience was not controlled by government, law, or church
-banished from the MBC
-Williams recognized rights of Native Americans
-paid native Americans for the use of land
-allowed freedom of worship
-founded one of the First Baptist Churches

Anne Hutchinson

-questioned Puritan beliefs
-believed in antinomianism
-Banished from the MBC
-Founded Portsmouth

Antinomianism

-faith alone is necessary for salvation

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

-1st written constitution in America
-representative government
-legislature elected by popular Vote
-governor chosen by the legislature

Halfway Covenant

-Puritan congregations were shrinking
-had to undergo conversion to be a full member
-a compromise was created to maintain church influence
-you could still be a partial member without conversion
-Many ministers rejected this
-Puritan influence continued to weaken

The New England Confederation

-defensive arrangement
-to protect each other from attacks
-Plymouth, MBC, Hartford, and New Haven
-two reps from each colony
-limited power
-set precedent for colonial cooperation and unified action

King Philip's War

-Wampanoag Chief Metacom (King Philip) - united tribes to attack colonists
-settlers encroaching on American Indian lands
-thousands died on both sides
-many towns/villages destroyed
-New England Confederation played a role in winning the war
-ended most native resistance in NE

Restoration colonies

-colonies formed after the end of Puritan rule in England
-monarchy was restored under Charles II

Quakers (The Society of Friends)

-equality of men and women
-nonviolence
-resistance to military service
-religious authority was found in each person’s soul, not by a church or in the Bible
-persecuted in England by the Anglicans and Puritans

“Holy Experiment” (Pennsylvania)

-Charles II granted William Penn the land
-refuge for Quakers and other persecuted groups
-Frame of gov:
-rep.assembly elected by landowners
-Penn founded the city of Philadelphia
-tried to treat American Indians fairly
-advertised all over Europe to attract settlers
-political and religious freedom and cheap land

Charter of Liberties

-written constitution with freedom of worship and unlimited immigration

The last colony

Georgia

Mercantilism

-a country’s military and political strength was based on how much trade and wealth (g&s) and how many colonies it had
-colonies existed to enrich England
-Colonies sent raw materials to England
-england shipped manufactured goods to colonies

Acts of Trade and Navigation/ Navigation Acts

-implemented mercantilism in the colonies
-all trade was controlled by England
-english or colonial ships only
-all goods to the colonies had to go through England
-many colonial goods could only be sent to England
-plenty of people to protect colonies from enemies
-had to accept lower prices for goods
-had to pay higher prices from England
-colonists mostly resented the acts
-lots of smuggling (MBC charter revoked due to smuggling)

Triangular Trade

-Merchant ships would regularly follow a triangular, or three-part, trade route. First, a ship starting from a New England port such as Boston would carry rum across the Atlantic to West Africa. There the rum would be traded for hundreds of captive Africans. Third, completing the last side of the triangle, the ship would return to a New England port where the sugar would be sold to be used in making rum.

Middle Passage

-Those Africans who survived the frightful voyage would be traded as slaves in the West Indies for a cargo of sugarcane.
-transport of (millions) of slaves to the Americas

Reasons for population growth

-immigration of almost a million people
-Sharp natural increase (caused by high birth rate among colonial families)

African influence in the colonies

-outside the South, African Americans worked as laborers, bricklayers, or blacksmiths
-some were enslaved and others were free wage earners and property owners
-every colony passed laws that discriminated against African Americans and limited their rights and opportunities
-By 1775, African Americans made up 20% of the colonial population.

Male dominated society

-white male property owners (could vote)
-got education

Colonial government structures

-8 royal colonies with governors appointed by the King
-3 proprietary colonies with governors appointed by the proprietors
-governors were elected by popular vote
-every colony had the legislature that consisted of two houses

• Lower House/Assembly: elected by the eligible voters, voted for or against new taxes

• Colonists got used to paying taxes only if their chosen representatives approved

-Royal and proprietary colonies: members of the legislature’s upper house/council

• Appointed by the king or the proprietor

Colonies with elected governors

Rhode Island and Connecticut

Limited democracy in the colonies

-each colony had a representative assembly that was elected by eligible voters (white male property owners)
-HOWEVER: The governor in Rhode Island and Connecticut were also elected by the PEOPLE.
-the governors of the other colonies were appointed by the Crown (NY and VA), or a proprietor (PA and MA)

Social Mobility in the colonies

-except African Americans, all people in colonial society had an opportunity to improve their standard of liv­ing and social status by hard work

Colonial Family Life

-family was the economic and social center of colonial life
-The expansion of the economy and ample food supply: people married younger and had more Children than in Europe
-90% people lived on farms
-living in coastal communities and frontier was hard, most colonists lived better than Europeans
-Men:
-most men did work
-landowning was given to men, dominating politics
-English law gave husband almost unlimited power in the home….even the right to beat his wife
-Women:
-avg. Woman had 8 children
-household work: cooking, cleaning, making clothes, and providing medical care
-also educated the children
-usually worked next to her husband in the shop, plantation, or farm
-divorce was legal but rare (women had limited legal and political rights)

Subsistence farming

-farming to provide only enough for the farm family.
-Ex: New England and Southern Colonies (Middle Colonies had a lot of rich soil iso it was diff)

Lives of farmers in the colonies

-farmers on the frontier, worked from the sun rising and falling.
-farmer’s year was divided into four seasons: spring planting, summer growing, fall harvesting, and winter preparations for the next cycle
-there was usually enough food, but light and heat in the colonial farmhouse were limited to the kitchen fireplace and a few well-placed candles
-Entertainment: card playing, horse-racing (southern colonies), theater-going (middle colonies), attending religious lectures (Puritan New England)

Main crop in the Southern colonies (late 1600s- early 1700s)

tobacco

Role of religion in the colonies

-Maryland was founded by a Catholic proprietor (and NY and Boston), it attracted Jewish settlers - which belonged to various Protestant denominations
-New England: Congregationalists - successors to the Puritans - and Presbyterians-New York: Dutch descent attended the Reformed Church

              Merchants belonged to the Church of England (Anglican) - Episcopalians

-Pennsylvania: Lutherans, Mennonites, and Quakers
-Virginia/other Southern colonies: Anglicans were dominant

1^st Great Awakening

-a movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people.
-strongest during the 1730s and 1740s

Jonathan Edwards

-Congregational Church at Northampton, MA: he expressed the Great Awakening ideas in a series of sermons: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” in 1741
-this invoked the Old testament scriptures: Edwards argued that God had the right to be angry with human sinfulness.
-but those who expressed deep penitence could be saved by God’s grace, but souls who paid to God’s commandments would suffer eternally. 
-mostly influenced New England

George Whitefield

-spread the GA throughout the colonies, attracting 10,000 people 
-any setting he delivered sermons that stressed that God was all-powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ
-those who did not would be damned into hell and face eternal torments
-taught the ordinary people with faith could understand gospels without ministers

Impact of the Great Awakening in the colonies

-sinner confessed their guilt and joyfully thanked in being saved
-Emotionalism became a common part of Protestant Services
-Ministers lost some authority
-GA caused divisions within churches: Congregational and Presbyterian - supporting the teachings (New Lights), disapproving them (Old Lights)
-Baptists and Methodists attracted large numbers
-called for separation of church and state

Cotton Mather

-Massachusetts minister who widely read religious essays

Phillis Wheatley

-wrote poetry, triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse

Benjamin Franklin

-wrote the book: Poor Richard’s Almanack
-The most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century
-electricity and his developments of bifocal eyeglasses and the Franklin stove

John Bartram

botanist from PA that was self-taught

Colonial professions

-ministry (respect among the common people, well-educated)
-physicians
-Lawyers: viewed as talkative troublemakers (later as trade expanded and legal problems became more complex, people needed expert assistance in court)

Spread of news and ideas

-postal systems and local printing presses

Zenger Case

-newspaper printers in colonial days had the risk of being jailed for libel or any article that offended the political authorities.

-1735: John Peter Zenger (New York editor and publisher), was brought to trial on a charge of libelously criticizing New York’s royal governor.

-Andrew Hamilton: Zenger’s lawyer - argued that his client had printed the truth about the governor.

-Otherwise by the English common law: injuring a governor’s reputation was considered a criminal act, no matter whether a printed statement was true or false

-The jury however ignored the English Law, and voted to free Zenger

-this case did not guarantee complete freedom of the press, but it encourages newspapers to take greater risks in criticizing a colony’s government

Enlightenment

-some educated Americans felt attracted to a European movement in literature and philosophy 

-leaders of this movement believed that the “darkness” of past ages could be corrected by the use of human reason in solving most of humanity’s problems

-major influence on the Enlightenment and on American thinking was the work of John Locke

John Locke

-John Locke: english philosopher and political theorist

• Two Treatises of Government: reasoned that while the state (the gov.) is supreme, it is bound to follow “natural laws/rights” based on the rights that people have simply because they are human.

• Argued that sovereignty ultimately sided with the people rather than the state

• Citizens had a right and an obligation to revolt against whatever government failed to protect their rights

Impact of the Enlightenment on the colonies

-other Enlightenment philosophers adopted Locke’s ideas

-Locke’s stress on natural rights would provide a rationale for the American Revolution 

-the basic principles of the U.S. Constitution

New England town meetings

established towns and villages (clustering their small homes around an open space - known as a green)

-dominant form of local government in New England was the town meeting

• People of the town come together (often in a church)

• Vote directly on public issues

Counties and sheriffs

-Southern colonies: towns were less common, farms and plantation were widely separated

-local government was carried on by a law-enforcing sheriff and other officials who served a large territorial unit called - county

Who was excluded from voting?

-white women, poor white men, slaves of both sexes, most free blacks, could NOT vote.