AP World History Unit 1 Test Review (1200-1450)

Allah

- Arabic word for God

- He is the one and only God, Allah.

- He is the Creator & God of all Jews, Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims.

Muhammad

- Born in Makkah in 570 C.E.

- Known to be the prophet of God and his teachings were spread all over Dar Al Islam.

- Received first message in 610 C.E. and message continued for 23 years.

- Message was received from God through the Angel Gabriel.

The Qur'an (Koran)

- The Holy Book of Islam which contains the messages from God that were told to Muhammad. Tells Muslims ethical guidelines for how to live their lives.

- Primary source of Muslim's faith.

The Hadith and the Sunnah

- Hadith: Sayings and stories about Muhammad and his teachings. Questions about practice of the religion (how people eat, get married, die, etc)

- The Sunnah: is the practice of when a person follows the Hadith.

The Five Pillars

1. Testimony of Faith (Shahada)

- to be a Muslim, one must believe in one God and Angel Gabriel.

2. Prayer (Sallah)

- Muslims pray 5 times a day to God.

- Estimated times: 4:30am, 1:00pm, 4:30pm, 8:00pm, & 9:45pm.

3. Charity (Zakah)

- Muslims must give 2.5% out of their yearly income to put towards charity.

4. Fasting (Sawn)

- every year, Muslims have to fast a full month called Ramadam. (fast from sunrise to sunset)

5. The Hajj or Pilgrimage

- every year, Muslims travel to the holy city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

Dar al-Islam (HOUSE OF WISDOM)

- an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule.

- HOUSE OF WISDOM in Bahgadad (House of knowledge was a library that had a collection so vast, it was known as a "Wonder of the world"

Turkic

- Speaking invaders who brought Islam to India.

- Turkic and Muslim regimes begin in c. 100 (violent beginnings)

India & South Asia (Dar al-Islam time period)

- Muslim communities emerge in India

- Buddhists & low-castle Hindus find Islam attractive.

- there was a religious overlap

- Sufis were holy mystics that embrace a "popular Islam."

West Africa (Dar al-Islam time period)

- Islam came peacefully by traders. not conquest.

- Spread throughout urban centers.

- Cities were Islamic centers.

- Rulers built Mosques.

Arabic

- A language that is the official language of several countries of North Africa and the Middle East, as well as the religion of Islam.

- Becomes language of TRADE, RELIGION, ADMINISTRATION, and EDUCATION.

End of Roman Empire in 476 C.E.

Why it collapsed?

- Barbarian Attacks

- Overspreading and Military Expansion

- Reliance on slave labor

The collapse of the Roman Empire gave rise to....

The collapse of the Roman Empire gave rise to TWO institutions in the West.

1. Feudalism

2. The Catholic Church

Christianity

- A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

- Primary faith in Europe (main religion in Europe)

- Rome falls and Church dominates.

Monotheism

the belief that there is only one true God.

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

The 3 major monotheistic religions!

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow.

2) The source of suffering is because of negative deeds and hatred and desire.

3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire.

4) The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path which was a set of 8 prescriptions teaching us how to live.

The Mandate of Heaven

The belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods.

Champa Rice

a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

- influenced politics and culture.

Silk Road Trade

Traded porcelain, silk, spices, steel, and iron.

- The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.

Tributary system

- Allowed for political power.

- supported both economic and political power for Song China because it created stability and stimulated trade for all parties involved in several foreign countries.

- a system that involved exchanges of gifts between foreign rulers and the Chinese emperor.

The Imperial Bureaucracy / Civil Service Examination

- Ongoing since the time of the Qin Dynasty from 221 to 207 BCE.

- Is a vast organization in which appointed officials carry out the empire's policies and orders.

- Officials/anyone (men) can obtain these positions by taking the civil service exam which are tests that qualifies someone to get an appointment in the bureaucracy.

- China's bureaucracy system was also known as "meritocracy."

How did people prepare for the exams of the Imperial Bureaucracy?

People prepared for the exams of the Imperial Bureaucracy by studying the writings of Confucius and emperor's classics.

- Anyone, except women, were able to take the exams.

How did the Song Dynasty utilize Confucianism to maintain control?

AND

Filial Piety

The Song Dynasty used ideas of Confucianism to maintain its ideas of FILIAL PIETY which is the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family or even its ruler.

How did Buddhism migrate to China?

When the Monks introduced Buddhism to the Chinese by relating its beliefs to Daoist principles.

How did the Song Dynasty fall?

Mongols conquered the Jin and Song dynasties, and scholars were military leaders when they weren't fit for it.

EUROPE: The tragedy of the 14th century

- The 100 years war

- The Black Death (1346 - 1353 CE) which originated in Asia.

- Spread in Europe through the SILK ROAD.

Is Chinese society patriarchal or matriarchal?

Chinese society is a patriarchal society which is where the man is the head of the family.

Foot Binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

- considered as beauty to marry the rich.

Zenn Buddhism

- a syncretic religion.

- the essence of Zen Buddhism is achieving enlightenment by seeing one's original mind (or original nature) directly; without the intervention of the intellect.

- seeing into one's own nature.

Three most important items of trade for China

1. Coal - led to the development of iron and steel.

2. Iron - when taking out carbon from iron, they manufactured steel.

3. Steel - used to make and reinforce bridges, gates, ship anchors, religious items, and it helped strengthen agriculture equipment which contributed to the mass abundance of food.

EUROPE (1200-1450): Feudalism/Feudal Hierarchy

- increased social system

- a system of exchanges of land for loyalty.

Hierarchy: (top to bottom)

1. Monarchs (kings, royalty)

2. Lords/Nobles (owners of land)

3. Peasants (lowest class, worked the land)

NOTE: Merchants can be as rich as nobles!

Great Schism in Europe

- caused the split and break of the communion between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

- also called "Chalcedonian Christianity."

EUROPE: Crusades

- the 1st crusade was a clear victory for Christendom.

(The European army conquered Jerusalem in July 1099 but Muslim forces under Saladin regained control of Jerusalem in 1187)

- the 4th crusade did not make it to the Holy Land and Islamic forces prevailed in Levant.

three-field system

An agricultural surplus which led to the encouraged growth of towns and of markets that could operate more frequently than just holidays. The three-field system and other advances LED TO POPULATION GROWTH IN THE LATE MIDDLE-AGES.

Roman Catholic Church vs Orthodox Church

- the Great Schism caused the split between both churches.

- the Roman Catholic Church led the area of education so this concludes that most of the workers were religious leaders.

Europe (major trading items)

Iron, horse-collar, etc.)

EUROPE IMPORTANT

Italy was most wealthy because it was a big trade center!

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.

- the richest person in history who spent a lot of his money and created stereotypes about Africa.

Timbuktu, Mali

Center of Malian Empire and Islamic Learning.

Swahili City-States

1000-1500

- a center of commerce

- Islamic

- allowed Zimbabwe access to the coast.

Ibn Battuta

- Traveled throughout Afro-Eurasia using Muslim support through his journey.

- Battuta's "Rihla" focused on his pilgrimage and what he witnessed such as the growth of Sufism in Africa/Middle East.

Ethiopia (Solomonic Dynasty) from 1270 C.E. to 1636 C.E.

- primarily a Christian empire.

- built large churches to separate from Orthodox and Catholic Church and developed independently from them.

The Great Zimbabwe

- wealth based on agriculture, trade, and gold.

- the Great Zimbabwe was the capital of the empire which had stone walls and was abandoned.

Important Americas Information

- Mississippians created mounds to live in Cahokia which is the biggest mound.

- Incas (1438 - 1572 C.E.)

- Mayan (250 - 900 C.E.)

- Aztecs (1200 - 1500 C.E.)

Incas:

- matriarchal

- the Mita system - labor

- human sacrifices and animism

- weak from the civil war

- invented complicated terrace systems

Mayan:

- ruled by kings

- human sacrifices: killing human beings on the part of religion or ritual. It resembles the slaughter of animals served for religious purposes.

- separated by city-states.

- linked religion with science.

- advancements in astrology, mathematics, and the calendar.

Aztecs:

- "Greeks of the new world."

- Tribute System (women were needed to make cloths to give as tribute)

- city-states

Aztecs Social Hierarchy: (top to bottom)

1. Great Speaker

2. Land-owning nobles

3. Traders, craftspeople

4. Merchants and slaves

Serfs / Fiefs (Europe)

Serfs are below peasants. Serfs are agricultural laborers bound under the feudal system to work on their lord's estate.

Fiefs, aka estates, were referred to as manors, tracts of land. Fiefs provided economic self-sufficiency and defense.

(Europe) Absolutist Government

Government with descending power. It's complete power is held by a centralized sovereign individual, with no checks or balances from any other part of the nation or government.

Estates-General (Europe)

A body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates in France. It kept the society more civilized and organized.

Technology in China/Song

Wood-block printing, paper & paper money, champa rice, calendars, agricultural tools, gun powder, steel/iron, and coal.

Sinification

Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.