APII Lab 7-13 Open Notebook Final Review Summer 2026

Identify the intestinal segment labeled "A".

 

jejunum

 

duodenum

 

ileum

 

large intestine

duodenum

Identify the nephron/collecting system structure labeled "D".

 

collecting duct

 

nephron loop

 

proximal convoluted tubule

 

glomerulus

nephron loop

Identify the female reproductive structure labeled "B".

 

uterine tube

 

clitoris

 

cervix

 

ovary

uterine tube

Identify the kidney structure labeled "E".

 

renal papilla

 

renal cortex

 

renal medulla

 

renal pyramid

renal pyramid

Identify the highlighted respiratory structure (anterior view).

cricoid cartilage

 

thyroid cartilage

 

pharynx

 

tracheal cartilage

thyroid cartilage

During oogenesis, two or three nonfunctional cells are produced that will eventually disintegrate. What is the name of these cells?

 

thecal cells

 

polar bodies

 

Leydig cells

 

nurse cells

polar bodies

What type of trait inheritance occurs when one allele dominates the second allele and determines the phenotype?

 

codominance

 

incomplete dominance

 

strict dominance

 

polygenic dominance

strict dominance

Identify the ovarian structure labeled "H".

 

corpus albicans

 

corpus luteum

 

secondary oocyte

 

corona radiata

corpus albicans

What step of cellular respiration produces most of the high energy coenzyme molecules for the electron transport system?

 

glycolysis

 

citric acid cycle

 

intermediate step

 

ETS

citric acid cycle

Identify the highlighted respiratory structure (midsagittal view).

 

nasopharynx

 

oropharynx

 

laryngopharynx

 

trachea

oropharynx

Identify the kidney structure labeled "C".

 

hilum

 

renal pelvis

 

major calyx

 

ureter

renal pelvis

Identify the highlighted digestive system structure.

 

spleen

 

gallbladder

 

stomach

 

liver

stomach

Identify the digestive system structure labeled "H".

 

stomach

 

liver

 

gallbladder

 

pancreas

liver

Around day 15, a third germ layer forms between the superficial and deep layers of the inner cell mass through a cell migration process known as ___________.

 

gastrulation

 

differentiation

 

embryonation

 

pellucidation

gastrulation

Identify the respiratory system structure labeled "C".

 

nasal cavity

 

pharynx

 

sinuses

 

bronchioles

sinuses

The pressure created in a fluid by large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that cannot move across a capillary wall is called ___________ pressure.

 

hydrostatic

 

mean arterial

 

colloid osmotic

 

partial

colloid osmotic

Where is electron transport system-generated ATP produced in the cell?

 

nucleus

 

cytoplasm

 

golgi complex

 

mitochondria

mitochondria

Glomerulonephritis can cause an acid-base imbalance called ____________.

 

respiratory acidosis

 

respiratory alkalosis

 

metabolic alkalosis

 

metabolic acidosis

metabolic acidosis

Ovulation marks the end of which phase of the ovarian cycle?

 

the luteal phase

 

the follicular phase

 

the progesterone phase

 

the menstrual phase

the follicular phase

What is the effect of decreased plasma P_CO2 on pH?

 

pH increases

 

pH decreases

 

there is no effect on plasma pH

 

the pH decreases, then returns to normal

pH increases

What molecule will pyruvate be converted to if there are inadequate amounts of oxygen in the cytoplasm?

 

pyruvate is not converted to any other molecule

 

lipopolysaccharide

 

amine

 

lactic acid

lactic acid

Hypertension exposes the glomerular filtration membrane to increased force. Which force would be affected by hypertension?

 

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

 

glomerular osmotic pressure (GOP)

 

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

 

efferent arteriole pressure (EAP)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

Identify the nasal cavity/pharynx structure labeled "A".

 

submandibular tonsil

 

lingual tonsil

 

palatine tonsil

 

epiglottis

palatine tonsil

What effect does complete enzyme denaturation have on enzyme activity?

 

 

the enzyme will require a different cofactor

 

the enzyme will lose activity

 

enzyme denaturation has no effect on enzyme activity

 

the enzyme will greatly increase in activity

the enzyme will lose activity

When a molecule is _______ it loses electrons, and when a molecule is ______ it gains electrons.

 

reduced oxidized

 

a free radical; neutral

 

oxidized; reduced

 

sad; happy

oxidized; reduced

Identify the nasal cavity/pharynx structure labeled "F"

 

laryngopharynx

 

epiglottis

 

nasopharynx

 

glottis

epiglottis

At what stage does the ovum burst out of the follicle into the duct system of the female reproductive tract?

 

the menstrual phase

 

the implantation phase

 

the Graafian follicle stage

 

the proliferative phase

the Graafian follicle stage

Type B blood is a strict dominant trait and type O is a strict recessive trait. John has type O blood and Mary is heterozygous for type B blood (Bo). If John and Mary reproduce, what is the chance that their child will have type O blood?

 

50%

 

75%

 

25%

 

0%

50%

Emphysema, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia can result in a condition of _____________.

 

respiratory alkalosis

 

metabolic acidosis

 

metabolic alkalosis

 

respiratory acidosis

respiratory acidosis

In the PCT, the apical membrane of epithelial cells cotransport sodium and glucose. Since they are moving in the same direction, this cotransporter is a/n _____________.

 

symporter

 

aquaporin

 

leak channel

 

antiporter

symporter

Identify the stomach structure labeled "F".

 

body

 

fundus

 

pylorus

 

pyloric sphincter

pylorus

When P_CO2 levels increase, carbonic acid forms. What effect does this have on H+ concentration and plasma pH?

 

decreases H+ concentration which increases pH

 

increases H+ concentration which decreases pH

 

increases H+ concentration which increases pH

 

decreases H+ concentration which decreases pH

increases H+ concentration which decreases pH

Some chromosomal disorders such as Edwards syndrome and Patau syndrome are caused by having an extra copy of a chromosome. Having an extra chromosome copy is called ___________.

 

 

trisomy

 

disomy

 

monosomy

 

tetrasomy

trisomy

Identify the nutrient pool molecules labeled "A".

 

fatty acids

 

amino acids

 

glucose

 

citric acid cycle

fatty acids

In what direction, if any, would air move if the pressure inside the lungs was greater than the pressure outside the lungs?

 

 

none of the answers are correct

 

air would move out of the lungs

 

air would move into the lungs

 

no movement of air

air would move out of the lungs

Identify the female reproductive structure labeled “B”.

 

epimetrium

 

endometrium

 

myometrium

 

perimetrium

myometrium

_________________ is a rare hereditary lung disease that causes an excess production of mucus resulting in blockage of airways.

 

 

Emphysema

 

COPD

 

Cystic fibrosis

 

ARDS

Cystic fibrosis

Where does the carbon dioxide that you exhale come from?

 

the generation of ATP synthetase

 

transcription of electron transport chain genes

 

translation of cytochrome C

 

reactions of cellular respiration

reactions of cellular respiration

A temporary state of metabolic alkalosis results from a normal biological process called alkaline tide. When does alkaline tide occur?

 

 

when an individual is urinating

 

when an individual is eating

when an individual is exercising

 

when an individual is sleeping

when an individual is eating

Identify the salivary gland structure labeled "E".

 

sublingual gland

 

palatine gland

 

submandibular gland

 

parotid gland

parotid gland

Identify the highlighted digestive system structure.

 

cardia

 

fundus

 

pylorus

 

body

body

Identify the male reproductive structure labeled "B".

 

ductus deferens

 

ejaculatory duct

 

spongy urethra

 

prostatic urethra

ejaculatory duct

After oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis, the nuclear material remaining within the ovum reorganizes to become the

 

zygotic blastocoele

 

second polar body

 

female pronucleus

 

zona pellucida

female pronucleus

Identify the implantation structure labeled "I".

 

amniotic cavity

 

cytotrophoblast

 

lacuna

 

trophoblast

amniotic cavity

An arterial blood gas was performed on a patient and the following results were obtained:

pH = 7.55

CO₂ = 30 mm Hg

HCO₃^- = 23 mEq/L

What type of acid-base imbalance would be indicative of these values?

 

respiratory alkalosis

 

metabolic alkalosis

 

respiratory acidosis

 

metabolic acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

Which answer describes tubular secretion?

 

it occurs in the glomerular capsule

 

it returns glucose and amino acids to the blood

 

it disposes of toxins, drugs and metabolic wastes

 

it drives the osmosis of water

it disposes of toxins, drugs and metabolic wastes

Identify the large intestine structure labeled "C".

 

ascending colon

 

transverse colon

 

cecum

 

right colic (hepatic) flexure

ascending colon

The enzymes hyaluronidase and acrosin are essential for fertilization to occur. Where are these enzymes located?

 

sperm nucleus

 

outer ovum membrane

 

zona pellucida

 

 acrosome of the sperm

acrosome of the sperm

Identify the cleavage/blastocyst structure labeled "C".

 

inner cell mass

 

trophoblast

 

advanced morula

 

early morula

advanced morula

What phosphorylation mechanism is used to generate ATP in the ETS?

 

both substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation

 

photophosphorylation

 

oxidative phosphorylation

 

substrate-level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation