20.6i Responses to Medication Administration

response

When a medication is administered, a (?) is obviously anticipated.

unintended side effect

The actual response can be the one desired, or it can be an (?).

minor side effects

Most, if not all, medications have at least some (?).

desired response

Because our knowledge of pharmacology and physiology has not yet arrived at the point to which we can engineer the perfect medication, we must weigh the need for the (?) against the dangers of side effects.

risks against the benefits

In essence, every time we give a medication, we must carefully weigh the (?).

predictable

Although undesirable, side effects are (?).

Iatrogenic responses

(?) , however, are not predicted.

iatrogenic

In general, the term (?) refers to a disease or response induced by the actions of a care practitioner.

physician produced

Derived from the Greek iatros (physician) and gennan (to produce), it literally means (?).

Negligence

(?) is not the only cause of iatrogenic responses.

allergic reaction

Some common unintended adverse responses to medications include: Also known as hypersensitivity, an (?) occurs because the medication is antigenic and activates the immune system, causing effects that are normally more profound than seen in the general population.

Idiosyncrasy

(?) is a medication effect that is unique to the individual and different than seen or expected in the population in general.

Tolerance

(?) is a decreased response to the same amount of medication that occurs after repeated administrations.

Cross tolerance

(?) is a response to a medication that develops after administration of a different medication such as morphine and other opioid agents; tolerance for one agent implies tolerance for others as well.

Tachyphylaxis

(?) is a rapidly occurring tolerance to a medication that can occur after a single dose.

sympathetic agonists

This typically occurs with (?), specifically decongestant and bronchodilation agents.

Cumulative effect

(?) refers to an increased effectiveness that occurs when a medication is given in several doses.

Medication dependence

(?) is when the patient becomes accustomed to the medication’s presence in the body and suffers from withdrawal symptoms on its absence.

physical

The dependence can be (?) or psychological.

medication interaction

A (?) is when the effects of one medication alter the response to another medication.

Medication antagonism

(?) is when the effects of one medication block the response to another medication.

Summation

(?) refers to two medications that both have the same effect and are given together, analogous to 1 + 1 = 2.

Synergism

(?) is when two medications that both have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses, analogous to 1 + 1 = 3.

Potentiation

(?) is when one medication enhances the effect of another; for example, promethazine (Phenergan) enhances the effects of morphine.

Interference

(?) is the direct biochemical interaction between two medications; one medication affects the pharmacology of another medication.