AP HUMAN FINAL

What is Absolute Location?

The precise point on Earth's surface expressed by coordinates such as latitude and longitude.

What is Relative Location?

The position of a place in relation to other places.

What is Cultural Landscape?

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical landscape.

What are Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

A computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.

What does 'Site' refer to in geography?

The physical characteristics of a place, such as its topography, climate, vegetation, and water sources.

What is Situation in geography?

The location of a place relative to human and physical features on the landscape; its connections to other places.

What is a Formal Region?

An area where everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.

What is a Functional Region?

An area organized around a node or focal point, such as a city and its surrounding commuting zone.

What is a Perceptual Region?

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity; also known as a vernacular region.

What is Diffusion in geographic terms?

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time.

What is Expansion Diffusion?

The spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process.

What is Contagious Diffusion?

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

What is Hierarchical Diffusion?

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

What is Stimulus Diffusion?

The spread of an underlying principle, even though the characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.

What is Mercator Projection?

A cylindrical map projection which distorts area near the poles but preserves shape and direction, useful for navigation.

What is Robinson Projection?

A compromise map projection that attempts to show the entire world with less distortion in size, shape, distance, and direction than other map projections.

What is a Small Scale Map?

A map that shows a large area with relatively less detail (e.g., a world map).

What is a Large Scale Map?

A map that shows a small area with relatively greater detail (e.g., a city map).

What is a Cartogram?

A map in which the size of regions is proportional to the value of a particular variable (e.g., population, GDP) rather than to their land area.

What is Population Density?

The number of people per unit of area.

What is Arithmetic Population Density?

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

What is Physiological Population Density?

The number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land.

What is Agricultural Population Density?

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

What is Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

What is Crude Death Rate (CDR)?

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

What is Doubling Time?

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant natural increase rate.

What formula can be used to calculate Doubling Time?

Td = 70 / NIR, where NIR is the Natural Increase Rate as a percentage.

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

A model that describes population change over time via four or five stages, linking population growth with economic development.

What characterizes Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model?

High birth rates and high death rates resulting in little to no population growth.

What characterizes Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model?

High birth rates and rapidly declining death rates leading to high population growth.

What characterizes Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Rapidly declining birth rates and moderately declining death rates leading to moderate population growth.

What characterizes Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Very low birth rates and low or slightly increasing death rates resulting in zero or negative population growth.

What characterizes Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Birth rates fall below death rates leading to a net population decline.

What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births, expressed per 1,000 live births.

What is Migration?

A permanent move to a new location.

What is Immigration?

Migration to a new location.

What is Emigration?

Migration from a location.

What are Population Pyramids?

A bar graph that displays the percentage of a place's population for each age group, and by gender.

What is Malthusian Theory?

The theory that population growth would eventually outpace agricultural production, leading to famine and war.

What is International Migration?

Permanent movement from one country to another.

What is Internal Migration?

Permanent movement within a country.

What is Forced Migration?

Migration in which the migrant has been compelled to move by political, environmental, or other factors.

What is Voluntary Migration?

Migration in which the migrant chooses to move, usually for economic improvement or lifestyle choices.

What characterizes Historic Migration?

Often characterized by slower travel, exploration, colonialism, and large-scale movements due to religious persecution or conquest.

What characterizes Modern Migration?

Characterized by faster travel, global interconnectedness, economic opportunities, political instability, and improved communication.

What are Push Factors in migration?

Factors that induce people to move out of their present location (e.g., economic hardship, social discrimination).

What are Pull Factors in migration?

Factors that induce people to move into a new location (e.g., economic opportunities, social freedoms).

What are Intervening Obstacles?

Environmental or cultural features of the landscape that hinder migration.

What are Intervening Opportunities?

The presence of a nearer opportunity that diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

What are Ravenstein Laws of Migration?

A set of generalizations about migration patterns, including the idea that most migrants move short distances.

What is Distance Decay in migration?

The diminishing importance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

What is Gravity Model in migration?

A model predicting that the optimal location of a service is related to population and distance people must travel to access it.

What is Colonialism?

The effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and impose its principles on that territory.

What is Imperialism?

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

What is a Migrant?

A person who moves from one place to another for work or better living conditions.

What is a Refugee?

A person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

What is Suburbanization?

The process of population movement from towns and cities to the suburbs.

What is Counterurbanization?

The process of people moving from urban areas to rural areas.

What is an Illegal Alien?

A non-citizen who has entered or remained in a country without authorization.

What is an Undocumented Immigrant?

A person residing in a country without legal permission, often preferred for its neutrality.

What is a Guest Worker?

A foreign worker permitted to enter a country temporarily to work.

What is Folk Culture?

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in isolation.

What is Popular Culture?

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite personal differences.

What is Acculturation?

The process of cultural change resulting from continuous contact between two cultural groups.

What is Assimilation?

The process by which a person or group's culture comes to resemble that of another group.

What is Architecture?

The art and science of designing and constructing buildings.

What is Diffusion in cultural terms?

The spread of cultural elements from one society or group to another.

What is Cultural Landscape?

The unique character of a geographic region created by the interaction of culture and physical environment.

What is Placelessness?

The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape.

What are Ethnic Neighborhoods?

Areas within a city or region where a particular ethnic group is concentrated.

What is a Taboo?

A social or religious custom prohibiting discussion of a particular practice.

What is Housing?

Buildings or structures serving as living quarters for humans.

What is Language?

A system of communication used by a particular country or community.

What are Language Families?

A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language.

What is the Nomadic Warrior Theory?

A theory suggesting that Indo-European languages spread through military conquest.

What is the Sedentary Farmer Theory?

A theory suggesting that Indo-European languages spread peacefully through agriculture.

What is the Renfrew Hypothesis?

Another name for the Sedentary Farmer Theory regarding the spread of Indo-European languages.

What is a Lingua Franca?

A language mutually understood in trade and commerce by people with different native languages.

What is a Pidgin Language?

A simplified form of speech developed from a mixture of languages for communication.

What is a Creole Language?

A language that results from mixing a colonizer's language with the indigenous language.

What is a Dialect?

A regional variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

What is an Adherent in religion?

A person who follows or believes in a particular religion.

What is an Atheist?

A person who disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods.

What is an Agnostic?

A person who believes that nothing can be known of the existence of God.

What is a Fundamentalist?

A person who adheres strictly to the literal interpretation of religious scriptures.

What is an Extremist?

A person who holds extreme political or religious views.

What is Secular?

Denoting attitudes or activities that have no religious basis.

What is Monotheistic?

Characterized by the belief in one God.

What is Polytheistic?

Characterized by the belief in or worship of more than one god.

What is Animistic?

The belief that spirits reside in natural objects and can influence human life.

What is a Universalizing Religion?

A religion that seeks to appeal to all people and actively seeks converts.

What is an Ethnic Religion?

A religion whose adherents are born into the faith and does not actively seek converts.