Introduction to Matter and Biochemistry

Flashcards covering basic matter, atomic particles, chemical bonding, electrolytes, pH balance, and organic macromolecules based on the lecture notes.

Matter is anything that has __________ and occupies space.

mass

The smallest unit of matter and the building blocks of all body structures is the __________.

Atom

The __________ has a positive charge and is located in the nucleus.

Proton

The __________ has no charge (neutral) and is located in the nucleus.

Neutron

The __________ has a negative charge and moves around the nucleus.

Electron

A __________ consists of 2 or more atoms bonded together, where the atoms may be the same or different.

Molecule

A __________ is formed when 2 or more different elements are bonded together.

Compound

An __________ bond forms when one atom transfers one or more electrons to another atom.

Ionic

An __________ is an atom that has a positive or negative electrical charge because it has gained or lost electrons.

ion

If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a positive ion, also known as a __________.

Cation

A negative ion, or __________, is formed if an atom gains an electron.

Anion

__________ are substances that form ions when dissolved in water and conduct electricity.

Electrolytes

Sodium ($Na^+$) helps regulate fluid balance, helps nerves send signals, and helps __________ __________.

muscles contract

Potassium ($K^+$) is vital for heart rhythm, muscle contraction, and __________ __________.

Nerve Conduction

A __________ bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.

Covalent

__________ bonds are weak attractions between molecules that help hold the structure of water and protein.

Hydrogen

In terms of function, water is a __________ because it dissolves substances.

solvent

Acids release hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in water and have a pH less than $.$

7

Bases release hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) or accept hydrogen ions and have a pH greater than $.$

7

__________ form when an acid and a base react and separate into ions when dissolved in water.

Salts

The two main organ systems that help maintain blood pH are the respiratory system and the __________ system.

Urinary

__________ are chemicals in the blood that help maintain a stable pH.

Buffers

The normal range for blood pH is __________ to __________.

$7.35$-$7.45$

__________ is the condition that occurs when blood pH is less than $7.35$.

Acidosis

__________ is the condition that occurs when blood pH is greater than $7.45$.

Alkalosis

__________ are the main source of energy, with glucose being the primary example.

Carbohydrates

__________ store energy and provide insulation and protection.

Lipids

Proteins are made of __________ __________ and are used to build and repair tissues.

amino acids

The nucleic acids __________ and __________ store and transmit genetic information.

DNA; RNA