AP Psychlogy

Wihlem Wundt

Set up the first psychological lab

Cognitive Neuroscience

how we perceive, process, and remember information

Edward Titchener

introduced structuralism, used self reflective introspection to discover the structural elements of the mind

William James

Functionalist, considered the functions of thoughts, feelings, emotions, etc.

Psychology

The scientific study of observable behavior and mental processes

Freudian Psychology

How unconcious thoughts and emotional responses to childhood expierences impact your behavior

Behaviorism

Claims that psychology is a objective science; studies behavior w/ no reference to mental processes

Biggest Issue in Psychology

Nature VS Nurture

Nature VS Nurture

Are traits/ behavior genetics or developed by experience

Biopsyhcosocial Approach

Behavorial Approach

How we learn obeservable responses

Biological Approach

How preexisting genetics influence our individual differences, using neuroscience to explain differences

Evolutionary Approach

How natural selection of traits provoked the survival of genes (adapt)

Humanistic Approach

How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and how we meet self fulfillment (you can become better)

Psychodynamic Approach

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts (childhood or memories)

Social-Cultural Approach

How behavior and thinking vary is situations and cultures

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe that after learning an outcome we would have predicted it (I knew it all along)

Theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

What does a theory aim to do?

Explain behavior through observable facts/ideas

Hypothesis

testable predictions used to test a theory

Operational Definition

Exact statements of procedures used to define research variables and operations

Why is an operational definition important?

It allows the study to be replicated and checks to see if findings are reliable

Descriptive methods:

describes behaviors using case studies, observations, and surveys

Correlational Methods:

Associates different factors/variables

Why might case studies be misleading?

If subject is unrepresentative of the larger population

Independent Variable

The variable being manipulated

Dependent Variable

The variable that changes/ the results or effect

Double Blind Procedure

Neither the participants or researcher knows which group receive which treatment

Does having more people in a sample make the study more representative?

No

Case Study

Naturalistic Oberservation

What are the three measures of central tendency?

Mode, Median, and Mean

Purpose of the 3 measures of central tendency

To summarize data

Descriptive Statistics

Data used to measure/describe characteristics of groups in order to organize the data

Inferential Statistics

Data that helps us determine if sample results can be generalized

Statistical Significace

Falsifiability

The possibility that an idea/theory/hypothesis can be disproven by observation or experiment

Social Desirability Bias

Bias when people respond based on what they assume the researcher wants to hear

Self Report Bias

Bias when self reported behavior is inaccurate

Sampling Bias

A flawed sampling bias producing a unrepresentative sample

Meta-Analysis

the combined statistical results of many studies

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman to earn PHD in psychology

Who studied with William James and became the president of the American Psychological Association?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Quantitive Data

data that is objective and can be measured

Which philosopher was the first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences?

Aristotle

Who developed psychoanalysis and would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious mind in affecting behavior?

Sigmuend Fruid or Frueidan Psycholgy

Which approach looks at behaviors being influenced by the unconscious mind?

Psychodynamic approach

Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a “blank slate”?

John Locke

What is the though that explores how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt value and survive?

Functionalism by James

Which structuralists used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind?

Edward Titchener and William Wundt

Longitudinal

validity

Who concluded that the mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies, and knowledge is born within us?

Socrates and Plato

Socrates and Plato derived principles from:

Logic

Student of Plato who focused on data and derived principles from obeservations

Aristotle

Who said knowledge is not innate but grows from experiences stored in our memories?

Aristotle

Who agreed with Plato and Socrates about innate knowledge and the distinction of the mind from the body?

Rene Descartes

Descartes concluded:

The fluid in the brain cavity had animal spirits and these spirits flowed through nerves provoking movement and forming memories

John Locke helped form

Modern empiricism

Empiricism

What we know comes from experience, and science should rely on knowledge and experimentation

Structurlism