Typical and Atypical Adolescent Development and Psychopathology

PBS6

Creed et al (2014)

In collectivist cultures, parental influence may remain strong throughout adolescence

Interactive Effects

Poor parental relationships can make adolescents more susceptible to negative peer influence (Chan et al., 2013)

Secure attachment can buffer against peer stress (Cruise et al., 2022 - systematic review)

Cruise et al (2022)

Systematic review - secure attachment can buffer against peer stress

Chan et al (2013)

Poor parental relationships can make adolescents more susceptible to negative peer influences

Internalising versus Externalising

Parental warmth is more predictive for levels of internalising (Lansford et al., 2020)

Peer influence - especially deviant peers - are more predictive of extanlising levels (Koot et al., 2016)

Developmental shift

Parents are more influential in early adolescence (Hill et al., 2007)

Peers gain influence in mid to late adolescence (Lam et al., 2014)

Koot et al (2016)

Peer influence - especially deviant peers - are more predictive of levels of externalising

Lansford et al (2020)

Parental warmth is more predictive of levels of internalising and emotional problems in adolescence

Lam et al (2014)

Peers gain influence (over parents) in mid to late adolescence

Hill et al (2007)

Parents are more influential (than peers) in early adolescence

Harrison et al (2023)

Peer contagion - spread of self-harm, substance use, emotional dysregulation, etc within peer groups

Peer contagion (definition)

The spread of self-harm, substance use, emotional dysregulation, etc within peer groups

Ozimek et al (2020)

Social media and peer comparison can increase vulnerability to low self-esteem and depressive symptoms

Yoon et al (2020)

Deviant peer affiliation is linked to increased externalising behaviours (e.g., substance use, delinquency)

Cross et al (2015)

Longitudinal study - bullying victimination predicts later emotional difficulties

Sajid et al (2023)

Meta-analytic review - peer rejection and bullying are associated with increased externlising symptoms

Epigenetic studies

Brüne et al (2021): early trauma is linked to changes in methylation of stress-regulation genes, e.g., NR3CI

Meaney et al (2020): review of epigenetics, development, and psychopathology

Meaney et al (2020)

Review of epigenetics, development, and psychopathology

Brüne et al (2021)

Early trauma is linked to changes in methylation of stress-regulation genes, e.g., NR3CI

Family Risk Studies

Sander et al (2005): review of familial risk factors and youth depression

Sander et al (2005)

Review of familial risk factors and youth depression

Longitudinal Studies

ALSPAC study (Jones et al., 2002): more than 10,000 British children and their parents; tracked biological, cognitive, and environmental data from birth

Tobia et al (2023): meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies on emotional regulation and developmental psychopathology

ALSPAC study (who)

Jones et al (2002)

Jones et al (2002)

ALSPAC study: more than 10,000 British children and their parents; tracked biological, cognitive, and environmental data from birth

Tobia et al (2023)

Meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies on emotional regulation and developmental psychopathology

ALSPAC study (what)

More than 10,000 British children and their parents; tracked biological, cognitive, and environmental data from birth

Capsi et al (2003)

Adolescents with short 5-HTTLPR allele were more likely to develop depression is exposed to stressful life events

GxE Studies

Capsi et al (2003): adolescents with short 5-HTTLPR allele were more likely to develop depression if exposed to stressful life events

Pinta et al (2015): systematic review of GxE interactions in psychopathology throughout childhood

Pinta et al (2015)

Systematic review of GxE interactions in psychopathology throughout childhood

Molecular Genetic studies

Jansen et al (2020): polygenic risk scores for ADHD and ASD using GWAS

Bulotiene et al (2020): candidate genes for major depression

Jansen et al (2020)

Polygenic risk scores for ADHD and ASD using GWAS

Bulotiene et al (2020)

Candidate genes for major depression

Adoption Studies

Tully et al (2008): parental depression on adolescent depression

Tully et al (2008)

Adoption study on parental depression and adolescent depression

Twin Studies

Bolton et al (2015): meta-analysis on twin studies of autism

Bolton et al (2015)

Meta-analysis on twin studies of autism

Cummings (1999)

Developmental psychopathology framework

Family Stress Model (what)

Economic stress, divorce, and conflict all contribute to increased adolescent psychopathology

Family Stress Model (who)

Conger et al (1994, 2017)

Parenting Styles (what)

Authoritative = protective

Harsh/neglectful/inconsistent = risk

Parenting Styles (who)

Baumrind (1991)

Choutzioumi (2023)

Children of depressed/anxious parents are at greater risk for psychopathology due to genetic vulnerability

Aktar et al (2017)

Children of depressed/anxious parents are at greater risk for psychopathology due to modelling

De Santis et al (2021)

Insecure attachment is linked to greater risks for externalising problems

Lam et al (2019)

Insecure attachment is linked to greater risks for interalising problems

Insecure attachment is linked to:

Greater risks for externalising problems (De Santis et al., 2021) and internalising problems (Lam et al., 2019)

Children of depressed/anxious parents are at greater risk for psychopathology due to:

Modelling (Aktar et al., 2017) and genetic vulnerability (Choutzioumi, 2023)

Attachment Theory (who)

Bowlbly and Ainsworth (1992)

Longitudinal evidence for parental influence on adolescent psychopathology (studies)

Jones et al (2002) - ALSPAC study

NICHD study (2002)

Longitudinal evidence for parental influence on adolescent psychopathology (what)

Early caregiving patterns predict later mental health outcomes.

Early caregiving patterns predict…

Later mental health outcomes.

Later mental health outcomes are predicted by…

Early caregiving patterns.