Networking Exam1 Review

Subnet Mask

A 32-bit number that divides an IP address into network and host portions, essential for routing.

Network Address

The first address in a subnet, identifying the subnet itself and not assignable to devices.

Broadcast Address

The last address in a subnet, used to send data to all hosts simultaneously.

Number of Hosts

Calculated using (2^{(32 - subnet bits)} - 2), indicating the maximum devices in a subnet.

Block Size

The number of IP addresses in a subnet, determined by the subnet mask.

TCP

A connection-oriented transport layer protocol that ensures reliable data delivery.

UDP

A connectionless transport layer protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order.

Noise

Unwanted electrical signals that interfere with desired signals in communication systems.

EMI

Electromagnetic Interference, a specific type of noise caused by electromagnetic radiation.

TTL

Time to Live, a field in the IP packet header that specifies the maximum time a packet can exist in the network.

Hop Limit

Similar to TTL but used in IPv6, indicating the maximum number of hops a packet can pass through.

OSI Model

A framework with seven layers that standardizes network communication processes.

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol, used to map an IP address to a MAC address in a local area network.

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol, used for error messages and operational information exchange in IP networks.

Router

A device that connects different networks and routes data between them.

Switch

A device that connects devices within the same network, forwarding data based on MAC addresses.

IPv4 Address

A 32-bit address format used for identifying devices on a network.

IPv6 Address

A 128-bit address format that significantly increases the number of available addresses.

MAC Address

A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on a physical network.

Demarcation Point

A physical point in a telecommunications network marking the boundary of responsibility between entities.

Port Numbers

Numerical identifiers used to distinguish different services or applications on a device.

Sockets

Endpoints for sending and receiving data across a network, enabling communication between processes.

Ping

A network utility used to test the reachability of a host and measure round-trip time.

Trace Route

A network diagnostic tool that tracks the path packets take from one computer to another.

Fragmentation

The process of breaking down large packets into smaller packets to accommodate varying MTU sizes.

Attenuation

The reduction in strength of a signal as it travels through a medium, measured in decibels (dB).

Jitter

The variability in time delay in packet delivery, affecting the quality of real-time communications.

Static Routing

Manually configured routes that do not change unless updated by an administrator.

Dynamic Routing

Automatically adjusts routes based on network changes using routing protocols.

Link State Protocols

Routing protocols where each router maintains a complete map of the network topology.

Distance Vector Protocols

Routing protocols where routers share information about the distance to reach various destinations.