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What is matter?
Matter is any material that takes up space.
What makes up all matter?
Atoms make up all matter, consisting of one or more elements.
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
What are the major elements of the human body?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.
What particles compose an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is atomic number?
The number of protons in each atom of an element.
What does mass number represent?
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
What are isotopes?
Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
What does electron configuration determine?
The chemical behavior of an atom.
What is the valence shell?
The outermost shell of an atom that determines its chemical properties.
What are covalent bonds?
Chemical bonds formed when atoms share pairs of electrons.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond between atoms with differing electronegativities where electrons are not shared equally.
What is a hydrogen bond?
An attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule.
What characterizes acids and bases?
Acids have a low pH and high H+ concentration, while bases have a high pH and low H+ concentration.
What is the pH scale?
A logarithmic scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.
What distinguishes organic molecules?
Organic molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen.
What are the four main types of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
What is a monomer?
A single unit that can join with others to form a polymer.
What is dehydration synthesis?
A reaction that binds monomers into polymers while releasing a water molecule.
What are amino acids?
The monomers of proteins.
What are nucleotides?
The monomers of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
What is the significance of the DNA double helix structure?
It provides the framework for the storage and transmission of genetic information.
What are lipids?
Hydrophobic, energy-rich molecules that include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
What role do hydrogen bonds play in water?
They give water unique properties such as cohesion and a high surface tension.
What is the function of carbohydrates?
To supply or store energy and provide structural support.
What are the functions of proteins?
They serve as structural materials and carry out nearly all cellular functions.
What is the definition of a solvent?
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, forming a solution.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the process by which molecules spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
What is genetics?
Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
What are chromosomes?
Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA that contain the genetic information of an organism.
What role do ribosomes play in cells?
Ribosomes are the cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
What is an antigen?
An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response when recognized by the immune system.
