AP WORLD GROUP 1 (Unit 1 - 3)

Qing Dynasty

last imperial dynasty of China; preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic; founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912; expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; often had difficulties managing such a large, diverse empire

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state of Turkic speaking peoples lasting from 1453-1922; conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453; based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople); encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Safavids

A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs.

Songhai

an Islamic West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the into the 16th century; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal

Devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units)

Janissary

elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam; utilized gunpowder weapons

samurai

class of salaried warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble called a daimyo (who in turned pledged loyalty to a shogun) in return for land or rice payments

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

absolute monarchy

system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility; late 17th-early 18th century (became his primary residence around 1670)

zamindars

Mughal empire's taxation system where decentralized lords collected tribute/taxes for the emperor

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; illustrates syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles

tax farming

tax-collection system utilized by the Ottoman Empire to generate money for territorial expansion; the government hired private individuals to collect taxes

Protestant Reformation

religious movement begun by German monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Catholic Church beginning in 1519; split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations: Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches (among many others)

95 Theses

arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication and the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices; began the Protestant Reformation

Counter/Catholic Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation; reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected), ended sale of indulgences and simony, created Jesuits missionaries, but also the began the Inquisition

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the Counter Reformation); sent to China, Japan, and the New World to gain Catholic converts

indulgence

a pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins and payment; "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins"

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices, seen as a corrupt practice, this practice was outlawed by the Catholic Church during the Counter Reformation

Inquisition

Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation

Thirty Years War

a war that resulted from the Protestant Reformation (1618-1648 CE); occurred in the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain who supported Roman Catholicism; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian who developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism; attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; believed in predestination

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam; a result of the presence of the Mughal Empire in India

Shogunate

Japanese system of government under a shogun (military warlord), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead

Daimyo

Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; owed allegiance to the shogun

Jizya

tax paid by Christians and Jews (and sometimes other faiths) who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion; often utilized by Islamic states to manage diverse populations within their empires

Millet System

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders; a unique way to manage a diverse empire

Middle Ages - Trading in Towns

Merchants emerged with new industry, referred to as Burghers, became politically powerful

• Towns often formed alliances with each other
• Hanseatic League

Hanseatic League (1358)

Trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility

Middle Ages Architecture

Romanesque to Gothic - especially reflected in cathedrals

• Flying buttresses: tall windows and vaulted ceilings
• Often had art and sculpture, music

Scholasticism

Growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men

• philosophy, law, medicine study
• ideas of Muslims and Greeks - came in conflict with religion

Crusades (11-14th century)

Military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning, Heresies

Heresies

religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine

Pope Innocent III

issued strict decrees on church doctrine - frequently persecuted heretics and Jews, unsuccessful 4th crusade

Pope Gregory IX

• Inquisition: formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, execution

• church often referred to as Universal Church or Church Militant

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Christian theologian who made advancements in Christian thought - faith and reason aren’t in conflict

What led to urbanization in the Middle Ages?

Trade - cities usually were around trade routes

• Silk Road cities were the most populous - Baghdad, Merv, Chang’an
• Constantinople, Paris, Italian City-States

Mongols

set of tribes and clans that were superb horseman and archers

Genghis Kahn

unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies - first invaded China in 1234

Mongol Empire

panned from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe - spit into hordes after death of Genghis Kahn, ruthless warriors destroying cities but remained peaceful after settling into cities

Golden Mongol Horde

conquered modern-day Russia

Kublai Kahn

Genghis Kahn’s successor - ruled China

Mongol Culture

Didn’t really have a set culture - didn’t enforce religion or way of life on conquered nations, but didn’t make any cultural advancements

Timur Lang

Mongol leader who took over India and destroyed everything - grew Islam in the nation

Mongol Leadership

If any residents of society the Mongols took over resisted, they would immediately kill them, so most had no choice but to give in - they were ruthless fighters, organized and mobile

Impact of Mongols

• Great diffusers of culture
• Prevented Russia from culturally developing
• World trade, cultural diffusion, global awareness grew as they spread through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

Song Dynasty in China

bureaucratic system built on merit and civil service examination creating a lot of loyal government workers, improved transportation and communication and business practices

• Kept China stable and retained focus on Confucian principles

Song Dynasty Industrialism

• improved literacy with printed books from early form of movable type which increased productivity and growth
• Had some of the largest cities in the world and a powerful navy
• Utilized gunpowder, magnetic compass, advanced ships
• Their iron production between 800-1100 rivalled the British production centuries later

Rise of Trade

Trade exploded from 1200-1450

• Improved with better transportation and monetary systems

Main Global Trade Routes

1. The Hanseatic League
2. The Silk Road
3. The land routes of the Mongols
4. Trade between China and Japan
5. Trade between India and Persia
6. The Trans-Saharan trade routes between west Africa and the Islamic Empire

Bubonic Plague

started in Asia in the 14th century and carried by merchants - killed about 1/3 people in England

Indian Ocean Trade

• Dominated by Persians and Arabs - western India to Persian Gulf to eastern Africa
• Great Zimbabwe: trading empire in Africa from 11th to 15th centuries

Silk Road

• China to Mediterranean cultures in early days of Roman Empire and from 1200 to 1600
• Cultural exchange through travellers stopping at trade towns - Kashgar, Samarkand
• Silk, porcelain, paper, religion, food, military technologies

Hanseatic League

• Made up of over 100 cities
• Created substantial middle class in northern Europe
• Set precedent for large, European trading operations

Expansion of Religion and Empire

Both natural spread of religion through contact over trade and intentional diffusion through missionary work or religious war - often caused conflicts between opposing cultures

Other Reasons People Were on the Move

1. Ran out of room in certain places, but cities were always increasing in size as opportunities grew in them
2. New cities and empires drew people in
3. Muslim pilgrimages

Xuanzang

Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled through T’ang Dynasty to India to explore Buddhism

Marco Polo

merchant from Venice who travelled to China and Europe

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler who travelled through Islamic world to India to China

Margery Kemp

English Christian who travelled through Europe and Holy Land

History Within Civilizations

What rises out of collapse of classical civilization and interactions developing between new states

• Growth of long-distance trade

World’s Major Religions

1. Most belief systems still are impacting history
2. Most major religions have divisions = subgroups and sects (focus more on overall religion)
3. Understand theological basis of belief systems and impact of belief systems on social, political, cultural, military developments
4. Origin and spread of belief systems - cultural interactions

Religious Mysticism

adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation

Buddhism

• Cultures: India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan
• Context:
  • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince - lived in Nepal from 563-483 BCE, rejected wealth and world possessions and became Buddha (Enlightened One)
  • No supreme being - 4 Noble Truth: (1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) freed of desire following a prescribed path
• Mahayana Buddhism: great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spread
• Theravada Buddhism: meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self
• rejects caste system - appealed to those of lower rank

Christianity

• Cultures: started as group of Jews, quickly expanded through Europe, northeastern Africa, Middle East
• Context:
  • Based around Jesus of Nazareth, a figure who claimed to be Messiah the Jews had awaited - teachings of devotion to God and love for others
  • Based on Bible teachings
  • World was created by God, but world has fallen from God
• Impact: compassion, grace through faith appealed to lower classes and women

Confucianism

• Cultures: China (400 BCE+)
• Context:
  • Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor - thoughts and sayings collected in the Analects
  • Deals with how to restore political and social order, not with philosophical or religious topics
• Impact: Stayed within Chinese culture

Hinduism

• Cultures: India
• Context:
  • Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - many gods
  • Goal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to accomplish
• Impact: religion and social caste system, which has prevented global acceptance of religion

Islam

• Cultures: caliphates (Islamic kingdoms), North Africa, central Asia, Europe
• Context
  • Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’an
  • Salvation is won through submission to God
• Impact: Rapidly spread to Middle East

Judaism

• Culture: Hebrews
• Context:
  • God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them
  • Hebrew Bible - Torah, miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, prophecies
• Impact: First of major monotheistic faiths

Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - capital in Baghdad

• Centre for arts and sciences - mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library)
• Built around trade - used receipt and bill system

What caused the decline of Islamic Caliphates?

1. Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors
2. New Shia dynasty in Iran
3. Seljuk Turk Sunni group
4. Persians, Europeans, Byzantines
5. Most importantly Mongols - overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258

Middle Ages in Europe

1. Fall of Rome before Renaissance - complicated time
2. Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire
3. Western Europe: collapsed entirely - Christianity remained strong

European Feudalism

Hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

Feudalism Structure

1. King: power over whole kingdom
2. Nobles: had power over sections of kingdom in exchange for loyalty to king and military service
3. Vassals: lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)
   • Male dominated - women could not own land
4. Peasants or Serfs: worked the land
   • Had few rights or freedoms outside of manor
   • Skilled in trades, which helped them break out of feudal mode as global trade increased

Emergence of Modern Countries

At end of Middle Ages, people began moving from feudal kingdom organization to linguistic and cultural organization

Germany’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

reigning family of emperorship died out, entering a period of interregnum (time between kings)

• Merchants and tradespeople became more powerful in the meantime

England’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

English nobles rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta - reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament

• Later divided into House of Lords and House of Commons

France’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

England began to occupy many parts of France which spurred revolts - Joan of Arc fought back English out of Orleans

• Hundred Year’s War

Hundred Year’s War (1337-1453)

Unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal from the country

Spain’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity - Spanish Inquisition

Russia’s Path to Statehood (13th Century)

Taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar

China’s Song Dynasty (960-1279)

• Confucianism justified subordination of women
• Neo-Confucianism: Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors

Foot Binding

Song Dynasty practice of bounding women’s feet after birth to keep them small

China’s Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Took over China again after brief period of Mongol dominance

China’s Zen Practice

meditation and appreciation of beauty

Japan

relatively isolated from external influences outside Asia for many years

• Feudal Structure

Japan’s Feudal Structure

1. Emperor
2. Shogun (chief general)
3. Daimyo: owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights)
   • Followed Code of Bushido code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honour
4. Lesser samurai (like vassals)
5. Peasants and artisans

India

History filled with conflict between Islam and Hinduism

• Delhi Sultanate: Islamic invader kingdom in Delhi

• Islam took over Northern India - clash between Islam monotheism and Hinduism polytheism

• Rajput Kingdoms: several Hindu principalities that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527

Khmer Empire (9th-15th century)

Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand

• Beliefs were carried through Indian Ocean trade network
• Crafted the Angor Wat temple

Africa

• Islamic Empire spread to North Africa in the 7th to 8th centuries - travelled through Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy sub-Saharan

  • An explosion of trade began

• Hausa Kingdoms

Africa’s Hausa Kingdoms

off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms

• achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of Kano
• Political and economic downturn in 18th century due to internal wars lead to their downfall

3 Great Ancient Civilizations of the Americas

Maya, Incas, Aztecs

Aztecs

• Arrived in Mexico in mid 1200s

• Expansionist policy and professional, strict army

• Empire of 12 million people with flourishing trade, many of people enslaved

• Women were subordinate, but could inherit property

Incas

• Andes Mountains in Peru
• Expansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels
• Many people were peasants
• Women were more important and could pass property to their daughters
• Polytheistic religion with human sacrifice - Sun god was most important