Critical Care, Toxicology, and Wound Management

For Chapter 27

A wound dressing that is a primary layer impermeable to moisture

Occlusive

Wound caused by pressure on skin over bony prominences

Decubitus Ulcer

Cells recruited into a wound during the proliferative phase that help form granulation tissue

Fibroblasts

Sharps cut or tear of skin

Laceration

Having an affinity for water

Hydrophilic

Wound healing involving treatment that does not allow the wound to dry out

Moist

A primary wound dressing that allows air and moisture to move through

Semiocclusive

Closure of wound by apposing the skin over healthy granulation tissue

Secondary

Healing of a wound across a surgically closed incision

Primary Intention

The opposite side

Contraiateral

Vascularized fibrous tissue that covers a wound if left to heal by second intention

Granulation

Tissue also known as proud flesh

Exuberant Granulation

Healing of a wound by granulation tissue formation, epithelialization and contraction

Second Intention

Pertaining to the groin area

Inguinal

Type of injury that features a large section of skin torn off the underlying tissue in a glove-like fashion

Degloving

Having an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of blood plasma

Isotonic

Having an osmotic pressure greater than that of blood plasma

Hypertonic

Surgical closure of a wound

Primary

Meshwork-like substance in a wound, attached to the outer cell surface that provides support and anchorage

Extracellular Matrix

Space between tissues allowing accumulation of fluid

Dead Space

A cell with contractile properties that is responsible for wound contraction

Myofibroblast

Removal of foreign matter and dead tissue from a wound

Debridement

The process in which skin cells advance in a single layer across the wound

Epithelialization

Wound healing by secondary closure after allowing granulation tissue to form

Third intention

A tefton is one example of this type of wound dressing.

Nonadherent

Deposited into a wound by fibroblasts during the proliferative phase of healing

Collagen

An area of skin that has been superficcially scraped

Abrasion

A wound with a high bacterial count

Dirty and infected wound

Surgical wound that enters the GI tract

Clean-contaminated wound

Surgical wound

Clean wound

An open traumatic wound

Contaminated wound

An old traumatic wound

Dirty and infected wound

A surgical wound with a minor break in sterile technique

Clean-cotaminated wound

A surgical wound into the respiratory tract

Clean-cotaminated wound

A natural wound with minor contamination

Contaminated wound

A surgical wound with a major break in sterile technique

Contaminated wound

Carpal Flexion Sling

Used for the forelimb in any situation where weight-bearing should be avoided but some movement of the elbow and shoulder joints is acceptable

Cast

A device used to immobilize fractures that is most often made of fiberglass material

Ehmer Sling

A device that prevents weight-bearing of the pelvic limb; frequently used after closed reduction of craniodorsal hip luxations

Modified Thomas Splint

A traction splint constructed of rods used for stabilizing long bone fractures in large animals

Modified Robert Jones Bandage

The most commonly used distal limb bandage in small animals; also known as a soft-padded bandage.

Robert Jones Bandage

A very bulky bandage used to immobilize distal to the elbow or stifle joint

Schroeder-Thomas Splint

An immobilization device with a rigid metal frame (no longer recommeded)

Spica Splint

Maintains the limb in extension; includes a lateral splint that reaches over the shoulder or hip

Velpeau Sling

A device that prevents weight-bearing of the thoracic limb; primarily used after reduction of medial shoulder luxations

90/90 Flexion Sling

Used in puppies after repair of distal femoral fractures to prevent quadriceps tr-down or contracture

Hobbles

Prevents abduction of the pelvic limbs; primarily used after reduction of ventral hop luxations

No closure of a wound with to ______.

Second Intention Healing

Primary closure of a wound will lead to _______.

Primary Intention Healing

Secondary closure of a wound will lead to ______.

Third Intention Healing

First-degree Burn

Skin is red and painful

Second-degree Burn

Skin may appear yellow-white, black, or charred

Third-degree Burn

Skin that is thick, leathery, and oten black

Fourth-degree Burn

A burn that involves tissues deep to the skin

Elastikon Elastic Adhesive Tape (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington, TX)

Tertiary layer

Curagel Hydrogel (Kendall/Covidien, Mansfield, MA)

Primary layer nonadherent semiocclusive

Cotton Sheets

Secondary layer

NU-GEL Hydrogel (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington, TX)

Primary layer nonadherent occlusive

Cast Padding (3M Skin and Wound Care, St. Paul, MN)

Secondary layer

20% Sodium Chloride Dressing

Primary layer hypertonic or hyperosmolar

Vetrap Electric Bandage (3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN)

Tertiary layer

Hydrosorb Plus Foam (Kendall/Cpvidien, Mansfield, MA)

Primary layer nonadherent semiocclusive

Military Field Bandage

Secondary layer

Petrolatum-impregnated Gauze

Primary layer nonadherent nonocclusive

Ultec Hydrocolloid Dressing (Kendall/Covidien, Mansfield, MA)

Primary layer nonadherent semiocclusive

Flannel Tracj Wrap

Tertiary layer

King Conforming Gauze (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington, TX)

Tertiary layer

Honey

Primary layer hypertonic or hyperosmolar

Bioclusive Polyurethane Film (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington, TX)

Primary layer nonadherent semiocclusive

Rooled Cotton (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington, TX)

Secondary layer

Tefton Pads

Primary layer nonadherent nonocclusive

Tegaderm Transparent Dressing (3M Skin and Wound Care, St. paul, MN)

Primary layer nonadherent occlusive

Quitted Leg Wraps

Secondary layer

Sterile Wide-mesh Gauze

Primary layer adherent

Tegaderm Hydrocolloid (3M Skin and Wound Care, St. Paul, MN)

Primary layer nonadherent occlusive

Ace Bandage

Tertiary layer

Granulated Sugar

Primary layer hypertonic or hyperosmolar

Name and primary indication(s):

Carpal Flexion Sling

A carpal flexion sling can be used in any situation where weight bearing should be avoided, but some movement of the elbow and shoulder joints is acceptable. It can be used to relieve tension on the carpal flexor tendons after injury or surgical repair.

Name and primary indication(s):

Robert Jones Bandage

The Robert Jones bandage can be used to temporarily immobilize a limb distal to the elbow or stifle joint.

Name and primary indication(s):

Valpeau Sling

The Velpeau sling is a non-weight-bearing sling for the forelimb used to immobilize all joints of the affected leg. It is mainly applied after reduction of medial shoulder joint luxation of ater reconstruction of tenuous fractures.

Name and primary indication(s):

Ehmer Sling

An Ehmar sling is a non-weight-bearing sling applied to the pelvic limb to protect the hip after injury. It is used primarily after closed reduction of craniodorsal hip luxation and electively after surgery associated with the coxofemoral joint.

Name and primary indication(s):

Fiberless Cast

Casts are used to provide stability for joint injuries or fractures either for temporary support until surgery; as a means of definitive treatment, or as an adjunct after surgical stabilization.

Name and primary indication(s):

Hobbles

Hobbles prevent abduction of the pelvic limbs and are used after reduction or ventral hip luxation.

Name and primary indication(s):

Modified Robert Jones Bandage

The modified Robert Jones bandage is the most commonly applied distal limb bandage in small animals. It uses a much thinner secondary layer and often is referred to as a soft-padded bandage. Because less padding is used, the tertiary layer must not be overly tight, or pressure necrosis may occur. Splints and casts can easily be incorporated into the bandage.

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 1 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Collect all necessary materials

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 2 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Induce general anesthesia

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 3 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 4 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 5 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 6 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Cover limb with a double layer of stockinette

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 7 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 8 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Apply support foam

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 9 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 10 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Apply fiberless material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 11 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistent support the leg

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 12 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Apply two to three layers of 4- to-5-inch fiberglass material

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 13 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 14 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 15 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic

Place the steps of applying a cast to a horse’s limb in the appropriate order for Step 16 in the space provided.

A. ____ Collect all necessary materials. 

B. ____ Place wire traction loops, if using, through the hoof. 

C. ____ Apply two to three layers of 4-to 5-inch fiberglass material. 

D. ____ Induce general anesthesia. 

E. ____ Cover the limb with a double layer of stockinette. 

F. ____ Clean the sole, remove the shoe, and trim the hoof. 

G. ____ Place a wooden wedge underneath the heel. 

H. ____ Dry the skin and powder it with talcum or boric acid. 

I. ____ Apply two layers of 3-inch plaster material. 

J. ____ Cut off the excess stockinette, leaving about 4 cm, and incorporate this into the last layer of the cast.

K. ____ Protect the bottom of the cast with hard acrylic. 

L. ____ Apply orthopedic felt at points of pressure. 

M. ____ Cut the traction wires, if used, and have an assistant support the leg. 

N. ____ Apply support foam. 

O. ____ Apply fiberglass material by overlapping one third to one half of its width as it’s applied. 

P. ____ Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin.

Place adhesive tape around the top of the cast and attach it to the skin